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1、what is the goal of monetary policy?
Monetary policy refers to a set of policies took by the central bank to control the supply of money and interest rates. In the short term, the goal of monetary policy is to control the currency value and interest rates. In the long term , the goal of monetary policy can be concluded as: First, fight inflation and deflation thus to keep th Second, keep international payments balanced, don't make it too strong or too weak. Last but not least, the monetary policy is committed to promoting low unemployment and high economic growth.
2、what monetary policies the central bank usually take?
Monetary policy refers to a set of policies took by the central bank to control the supply of money and interest rates for the purpose of promoting economic growth and stability.
Monetary policy can be divided into two types, expansionary or contractionary。
The first type is expansionary monetary policy. It increases the total supply of money in the economy more rapidly than usual. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rate. Lower interest rate can stimulate investment and easy credit will entice businesses into expanding. Thus, it helps the economy get out of recession.
The second type is contractionary monetary policy. It expands the supply of money more slowly than usual or even shrinks it. It is intended to slow inflation in the hopes of avoiding the distortions and the loss value of assets. Its goal is to prevent overheated growth.
3、What monetary tools the central bank usually take？
Monetary tools took by the central bank can be divided into two types, the ordinary tools and the selective tools.
The first type is the ordinary tools. It includes the deposit reserve ration, the rediscount rate, open market operation. These three tools are also called the three magic weapon.
The second type is the selective tools. It includes the credit control on consumers, stock market, real estate, the preferential interest rate, the window guidance and moral suasion.
These monetary tools are used by central banks to implement monetary policy in order to ensure the stability and sound development of our national economy.
4、国际金融危机对哪类企业影响最大，如何影响
In my opinion, the international financial crisis has the greatest impact on the small and medium sized enterprises specialized in exports. Reasons for this can be concluded as follow:
Firstly, Small and medium sized enterprises rely heavily on external demand. Since the outbreak of financial crisis, the import demand of European and USA economies shrink seriously, leading to reduced orders.
Secondly, small and medium sized enterprises' have weak competitiveness and low innovation capacity. The exports they produce are labor-intensive and can be easy copied. They have no proper mechanism to resist risks when demand shirks and cost goes up.
Lastly, SME have difficulties to get financing from market and commercial banks which exacerbates the situation.
In order to soften the negative effect caused by financial crisis, we should increase domestic demand, urge SME to speed up transformation and upgrading and provide proper credit to support their development.
5、国际金融危机对中国的影响（欧债危机对我国的影响）
The globe financial cirsis has diverse impact on our national economy. The influence can be concluded as:
Firstly, financial crisis affects China's exports through trade channel. The external&&demand of European and USA economies shrink seriously, leading to reduced orders. Besides the worldwide economic slowdown may lead to trade protectionism which makes a much more difficult situation for the export enterprises.
Secondly, financial crisis affects capital inflows through financial channel. It increases global risk aversion, capital inflows will decline.
Thirdly, financial crisis affects capital markets through the confidence channel. It increases the uncertainty about the future thus discourage the investment, which can be reflected by the stock market.
Last but not least, financial crisis causes the loss value of China's foreign currency reserve assets.
In order to soften the negative effects caused by financial crisis, we should increase domestic demand, speed up transformation and upgrading and strengthen the capacity to resist risk.
6、wto对于发达国家，发展中国家的不同作用
The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
WTO plays different roles in developed countries and developing countries.
Firstly, for developed countries, by their strong power and status in WTO, they can make trade rules and regulations more beneficial to their own interests. Thus, developed countries can fully enjoy the cheap goods and services from the developing countries and export more high-tech goods to the developing countries.
Secondly, for the developing countries, entering WTO is a double-edged sword. From the sight of exports, they can enjoy certain rights in WTO such as the Generalized System of Preferences. From the sight of imports, WTO makes their market more competitive which will urge the domestic enterprises become more efficient. The negative effect to participate WTO is that they may hurt by the trade protectionism and their national industry may be challenged. In my opinion, the benefits overcome the harm which can be proved by the ten golden years happened in China since we entered the WTO.
7、入世十年对中国产生的影响
Since our accession to the WTO in 2001, China has actively participated in the globalization process and made remarkable achievements in foreign trade, foreign capital utilization and international economic cooperation. Remarkable achievements can be concluded as follow.
Firstly, in trade aspects, China's foreign trade volume goes up from sixth place in 2001 to second place in 2010. China becomes the greatest exporter and the second-biggest importer.
Secondly, foreign investment achieves comprehensive improvement in scale and quality. China has become the second largest foreign investment recipient country in the world. The focus has been shifted from scale and speed to quality and efficiency. The means have been diversified as well.
Thirdly, outbound investments and international economic cooperation increased continuously. They are playing positive roles in promoting China's stable and relatively rapid economic development.
Last but not least, the socialist market-oriented economic system has been greatly improved during the ten years.
In the future, China will continue to implement the mutually beneficial and open strategy and further raise the level of the opening-up.
8、这次金融危机与监管者有没有关系
One of root causes of financial crisis happened in 2008 is lack of effective financial regulation which can be concluded as follow:
Firstly, it lack of effective financial regulation aimed at investment banks, finance companies and mortgage dealers. These financial institutions took this opportunity to use&&new derivatives to purse high profit.
Secondly, it lack of effective regulation to financial innovation. Derivatives belong to virtual sectors of the economy, financial product innovation and development can not be divorced from the needs of the real economy, otherwise, there will be a bubble economy, and ultimately harm the development of the real economy
Thirdly, it lack of effective financial regulation of senior executives of financial institutions. Their decision-making is directly related to the stability and development of financial system.
Fourthly, it lack of effective regulation to credit rating agencies. The wrong information they give misguided consumers and cause huge losses to investors.
Last but not least, lack of coordination between financial regulators, leads to failure of financial supervision.
We should learn from the financial crisis and steadily promote the reform of the financial regulatory system to better meet the demands of economic development.
9、入世后中资银行所面临的三个最主要的问题,该如何面对和解决？
Accession to WTO poses great challenges to Chinese banking industry.
Firstly, it put forward higher requirements of the bank's management, internal control and risk prevention.
Secondly, market competition becomes more fierce. Both foreign banks and Chinese banks compete for high-quality customer resources and financial talents.
Thirdly, it urges Chinese banks to accelerate financial innovation to meet the demands of internationalization
Facing these problems, the domestic banks should take the following measures.
First,we should learn from the advanced experience of the oversea banks. Change the business philosophy from product-oriented to customer-oriented.
Second, Improve the bank's corporate structure, internal control system as well as the risk mechanism in accordance to the principle&safety, liquidity and yield& .
Third, strengthen financial innovation to meet the needs of modern banking, in order to attract customers of high quality.
Fourth, Strengthen human resources management to attract financial professionals and talents.
Last but not least, we should increase the exchanges and cooperation between Chinese banks and foreign banks and maintain the sound development of banking industry in China.
10、入世十年对中国金融业的影响
After China's accession to WTO,&&China's financial sector has achieved significant progress which can be concluded as follow:
First, China's financial markets, financial institutions and financial system become more& &market-oriented and institutionalized The market price mechanism has gradually become the basis of the allocation of financial resources.
Second, a modern corporate governance mechanism has been established in China's financial sector as well as the internal control system and risk prevention system.
Third, the asset size, the operating mechanism and results of China's banking industry are gradually narrowing the gap with the international financial industry. The financial services have been diversified to meet the demand of globalization.
Fourth, China's financial sector becomes more internationalized, which can be reflected ,not only in the introduction of foreign financial institutions, but also in the go out of China's financial institutions to &go out&, as well as RMB internationalization.
Last but not least, we have built an effective financial supervision system to protect the sound development and stability of financial system according to Basel agreement.
In short, the ten years after accession to WTO has seen the rapid development and prosperity of China's financial industry.
11、入世十年对中国银行业的影响
After China's accession to WTO,&&China's banking sector has achieved significant progress which can be concluded as follow:
First, China's banking industry become more market-oriented and institutionalized. The market price mechanism has gradually become the basis of the allocation of financial resources.
Second, a modern corporate governance mechanism has been established in China's financial sector as well as the internal control system and risk prevention system.
.Third, establish a modern banking supervision system, improve the professionalism and effectiveness of supervision to protect the financial security and stability.
Fourth, China's financial sector becomes more internationalized, which can be reflected ,not only in the introduction of foreign banking institutions, but also in the go out of China's banking institutions to &go out&
Last but not least, we have built an effective financial supervision system to protect the sound development and stability of financial system according to Basel agreement.
In short, the ten years after accession to WTO has seen the rapid development and prosperity of China's banking industry.
12、如何看待2011年股市
股市是“经济晴雨表”，是实体经济的反映。股市的良性发展，有利于企业募集资金，有利于公众分享经济发展的成果。
2011年股市，A股十年零涨幅，80%的股民亏损，主要反映了以下几方面的问题：
1、反映世界经济复苏放缓，我国经济增长速度趋缓，暴露出市场对于经济发展前景的担忧
2、证券市场的新股发行制度不完善，重融资轻分享，公司治理结构不健全等诸多体制性问题
3、证券市场的监管不利，暴露出很多公司丑闻。
引导股市走上良性的发展道路，我们应采取以下措施：
1、进一步完善股市发行制度，把握好新股发行的节奏和力度
2、规范上市公司的运行，完善法人治理结构，促进经营管理水平的提高
3、加强证券市场的监管，打击内部交易，加强信息披露，为股市发展提供良好的发展环境，提振公众信心
4、放开养老基金、社保基金投资A股的门槛，为股市注入新鲜的血液
The stock market is a barometer of the economy, a reflection of the real economy. The sound development of the stock market, will help the enterprises to raise funds, the public to share the fruits of economic development.
The stock market in 2011 is a tragedy, the index of A-share falls heavily and 80% of the investors suffer from the loss, which reflect the following aspects:
Firstly, it reflects the slowdown of the economy, both domestically and worldwide, exposing that the market worries about the prospects for economic development.
Secondly, it reflects the imperfection of the stock market system, especially the IPO, emphasizing on financing, neglecting on sharing.
Last but not least, the regulation of the securities is not effective, exposed a lot of corporate scandals.
In order to guide the stock market on a healthy path of development, we should take following measures:
Firstly, we should further improve the stock market and distribution system, and grasp the rhythm and intensity of the good new shares issued.
Secondly, further improve corporate governance structure of the listed companies as well as the management.
Last but not least, we should strengthen the supervision of securities markets, to combat insider trading, to improve information disclosure, and provide a good development environment for the development of the stock market, and boost public confidence
12、欧债危机的起源，对中国的启示
欧债危机发生的原因是多方面的，主要有：
1、欧元是非主权货币，货币体系与财政体系没有进行良好的对接
2、欧元区国家经济发生不平衡，法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰经济差异比较大，货币同盟的一个前提条件就是区域内国家的经济发展水平相似
3、欧元区国家普遍高福利，造成了巨额的财政赤字
4、虚拟经济过度繁荣，脱离实体经济发展，造成产业的空心化
对中国的启示：
1、改善民生，加强社会保障，要与国情相符合，循序渐进，不可一味追求高福利
2、财政政策与货币政策要相互配合
3、推动城乡一体化发展，减少东西部之间的差距
4、坚持金融支持实体经济发展，合理引导资金流入实体经济，促进实体经济的又好又快发展
The causes of European debt crisis can be concluded as follow:
Firstly, Euro is a non-sovereign currency. Its monetary system and financial system are not matched with each other.
Secondly, the economies of Euro zone are not balanced. There are large gaps between France, Germany and Greece, Iran. The prerequisite of the monetary union is the economies inside are similar to each other.
Thirdly, the euro-zone countries generally have high welfare, resulting in a huge budget deficit
Last but not least, the virtual economy develops over prosperity. And it is deforced from the real economy, resulting in the hollowing out of industry
Implications for China:
1、Fiscal policy and monetary policy should complement each other
2、To promote integrated development in urban and rural areas. To reduce the gap between eastern and western regions.
3、While improving people's livelihood, the social security should be consistent with national conditions, step by step, not the blind pursuit of high welfare
4、Adhere to the financial should support for the development of the real economy. Guide the funds flow into the real economy, to promote the sound and rapid development of real economy.
13、如何提升银行的服务质量
1、转变经营理念应以客户为中心，而不是产品为中心
2、加强雇员的培训，提高操作能力，改善服务态度
3、实行科学合理的考核制度，将服务质量囊括进去，让客户评价质量
4、改善营业网点的环境，让客户更加舒适
How to improve the quality of banking services?
1、Changes the business philosophy of customer-centric rather than product-centric.
2、Emphasis on employee training, both the operating capacity and the service attitude.
3、Implement the scientific and rational evaluation system to include quality of service, and allow customers to evaluate quality
4、Improve the environment of the outlets to make customers more comfortable
About CBRC
China Banking Regulatory Commission
The main functions of the CBRC 银监会主要职能
Formulate supervisory rules and regulations governing the
依照法律、行政法规制定并发布对银行业金融机构及其业务活动监督管理的规章、规则；
Authorize the establishment, changes, termination and business scope of the
依照法律、行政法规规定的条件和程序，审查批准银行业金融机构的设立、变更、终止以及业务范围
Conduct on-site examination and off-site surveillance of the banking institutions, and take enforcement actions against rule-
对银行业金融机构的业务活动及其风险状况进行现场检查，非现场监管，处置违规行为
Conduct fit-and-proper tests on the senior managerial personnel of the
对银行业金融机构的董事和高级管理人员实行任职资格管理
Compile and publish statistics and reports of the overall banking industry in accordance with relevant regulations:
负责统一编制全国银行业金融机构的统计数据、报表，并按照国家有关规定予以公布
Provide proposals on the resolution of problem deposit-taking institutions in consultation with relevant re 与相关监管机构共同协商处理有问题的存款机构
Responsible for the administration of the supervisory boards of the major State-owned
and Other functions delegated by the State C
负责国有重点银行业金融机构监事会的日常管理工作；承办国务院交办的其他事项
The supervisory focuses of the CBRC
Conduct consolidated supervision to assess, monitor and mitigate the overall risks of each banking instituti
必须坚持法人监管,重视对每个金融机构总体风险的把握、防范和化解;
Stay focused on risk-based supervision and improvement of supervisory
必须坚持以风险为主的监管内容,努力提高金融监管的水平,改进监管的方法和手段;
Urge banks to put in place and maintain a system of internal controls:
必须注意促进金融机构风险内控机制形成和内控效果的不断提高:
enhance supervisory transparency in line with international standards and practices??
必须按照国际准则和要求,逐步提高监管的透明度
The regulatory objectives of the CBRC银监会监管的工作目的
a. Protect the interests of depositors and consumers through prudential and e通过审慎有效的监管,保护广大存款人和消费者的利益
b. Maintain market confidence through prudential and e通过审慎有效的监管,增进市场信心
c. Enhance public knowledge of modern finance though customer education and in通过宣传教育工作和相关信息披露，增进公众对现代金融的了解
d. Combat financial crimes.努力减少金融犯罪
The supervisory and regulatory criteria of the CBRC 银监会的监管标准
a. Promote the financial stability and facilitate financial innovat良好监管要促进金融稳定和金融创新共同发展
b. Enhance the international competitiveness of the Ch要努力提升我国金融业在国际金融服务中的竞争力;
c. Set appropriate supervisory and regulatory boundaries and refrain from 对各类监管设限要科学、合理,有所为,有所不为,减少一切不必要的限制
d. Encourage fair and鼓励公平竞争、反对无序竞争
e. Clearly define the accountability of both the supervisor and the sup
& && &对监管者和被监管者都要实施严格、明确的问责制
& & f. Employ supervisory resources in an efficient and cost-effective manner.要高效节约地使用 一切监管资源
金融词汇：
审慎经营规则 prudential management rule
风险集中& & risk concentration
资产流动性&&liquidity of asset
损失准备金&&loss reserve
存款人&&depositor
银行业金融机构 banking institution
现场检查&&on-site examination
非现场监管&&off-site surveillance
监事会& &&&supervisory boards
风险监管& & risk-based supervision
内部控制& &a system of internal controls
审慎有效的监管&&prudential and effective supervision
信息披露& && &information disclosure
金融犯罪& &&&financial crisis
民间借贷& &&&private lending
影子银行& & shadow banking
敏感性分析&&sensitivity analysis
压力测试& & stress testing
情景分析& & scenario analysis
关键风险指标&&key risk indicators，KRIs
间接融资& & indirect financing
巴塞尔委员会&&the Basel Committee
巴塞尔协议III& &&&Basel III
资本充足率& && &capital adequacy ratio
杠杆率& && && &leverage ration
流动性& && && &liquidity
贷款损失准备& &loan loss provisions
系统性风险& &&&system risk
逆周期宏观审慎监管要求&&countercyclical macroprudential regulatory requirements
政策性银行& &&&policy bank
国有商业银行& &State-owned commercial bank
股份制银行& & joint stock commercial bank
中国邮政储蓄银行&&the Postal Savings Bank of China
信托公司& && &tthe trust companies,
企业集团财务公司&&enterprise group finance companies
金融租赁公司& && &financial leasing companies
国际活跃银行& &internationally active banks
系统性重要银行& &systemically important banks
基础货币& && && &monetary base
存款准备金率& &&&deposit reserve ratio
再贴现再贷款& &&&rediscount rate
公开市场操作& &&&open market operations
优惠利率& && && &preferential interest rate
窗口指导& && && &window guidance
道义劝告& && && &moral suasion
违规概率& && && &PD，probability of default
违规损失率& &LGD，loss given default
违约风险暴露& &EAD， exposure at default
期限& && && &maturity
《第三版巴塞尔协议》确立了微观审慎和宏观审慎相结合的金融监管新模式，大幅度提高了商业银行资本监管要求，建立全球一致的流动性监管量化标准，将对商业银行经营模式、银行体系稳健性乃至宏观经济运行产生深远影响。
Basel III has established a new financial regulatory model with combination of micro-prudence and macro-prudence., which greatly increased the capital regulatory requirements for commercial banks, and to establish globally consistent quantitative standards for liquidity supervision will have profound impacts on the business model of commercial banks, stability of the banking system and even the macroeconomic operation.
推动中国银行业实施国际新监管标准，增强银行体系稳健性和国内银行的国际竞争力
push forward China's banking sector's implementation of the new international regulatory standards, enhance the stability of the banking system and the international competitiveness of domestic banks
借鉴国际金融监管改革成果，根据国内银行业改革发展和监管实际，构建面向未来、符合国情、与国际标准接轨的银行业监管框架，推动银行业贯彻落实“十二五”规划纲要，进一步深化改革，转变发展方式，提高发展质量，增强银行业稳健性和竞争力，支持国民经济稳健平衡可持续增长。
We shall draw on international achievements in the reform of financial supervision, establish a regulatory framework for the banking sector which faces the future, complies with national conditions and meets international standards according to the reform and development as well as regulatory actualities of China's banking sector, push forward the banking sector's implementation f the outlines of the “Twelfth Five-year Plan”, further deepen the reform, transform the development pattern, improve the quality of development, and enhance the stability and competitiveness of the banking sector to support the stable, balanced and sustainable growth of the national economy.
宏观审慎监管与微观审慎监管有机结合。统筹考虑我国经济周期及金融市场发展变化趋势，科学设计资本充足率、杠杆率、流动性、贷款损失准备等监管标准并合理确定监管要求，体现逆周期宏观审慎监管要求，充分反映银行业金融机构面临的单体风险和系统性风险
Dynamic combination of macroprudential regulation and microprudential regulation. We shall take into overall consideration China's economic cycles and trends in developments and changes in the financial market, scientifically set capital adequacy ratio, leverage ratio, liquidity, loan loss provisions and other regulatory standards, and reasonably determine regulatory requirements, which reflect countercyclical macroprudential regulatory requirements and fully reflect single risks and system risks the banking financial institutions are facing.
支持经济持续增长和维护银行体系稳健统筹兼顾。银行体系是我国融资体系的主渠道，过渡期内监管部门将密切监控新监管标准对银行业金融机构的微观影响和对实体经济运行的宏观效应，全面评估成本与收益，并加强与相关部门的政策协调，避免新监管标准实施对信贷供给及经济发展可能造成的负面影响
Taking into consideration both supporting the continuous economic growth and maintaining the stability of the banking system. The banking system is the main channel of China's financing system. During the transition period, regulatory authorities shall closely monitor the new regulatory standards' micro-impacts on banking financial institutions and their macro-effects on the real economy, comprehensively assess costs and earnings, and strengthen coordination with the relevant departments in respect of policies to avoid negative impacts that may be caused by the implementation of the new regulatory standards on the supply of credit and economic development.
In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the Consumer Price Index) over time. Inflation has positive effect and negative effect.
The positive effects include ensuring central banks can adjust nominal interest rates (intended to mitigate recessions), and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects.
The negative effects of inflation can be concluded as follow. First of all, inflation lead to the loss of saving accounts and investment because of reduced values in currency. Thus, it transfer wealth from the creditor to the debtor. Secondly, inflation makes daily living harder. As money loses value, so do wages, pensions and investment. The prices goes up, we can buy fewer goods than before. Last but not least, inflation increase the uncertainty about the future thus discourage the investment.
Fighting inflation has been the main traditional goal of monetary policy.
Interest Rates
Keeping interest rates stable is a important goal of monetary policy. A balance must be struck between the desire of investors to see a large return on investment with higher interest rates with borrowers who want low interest rates on loans. Striking a balance between these two interests is important for monetary policy because both promote economic growth, savings and investment.
Balance of Payments
If a specific currency gains in value relative to its neighbors, goods from that country, when sold abroad, will be more expensive. As the value of the currency falls, the competitiveness of goods from that economy become more competitive abroad. Again, a balance must be maintained between these two poles: a strong currency that speaks to low inflation at home, and a weak currency that might boost international sales. As a specific currency falls in value, the debts incurred in that currency also fall in value. Therefore, a currency that is too strong might make international debts that much higher.
Monetary policy differs from fiscal policy, which refers to taxation, government spending, and associated borrowing.
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爱死楼主了
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感謝& &不知WIN7能否安裝
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不错哈！！！支持楼主
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我必须围观啊~
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楼主好人，太谢谢了
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一次都能下完实在太好了，多谢分享咯
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