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A General Program for Simulating Ballistic Missiles, Vol. 15, No. 2 133-146.
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3秒自动关闭窗口torque的意思
沪江词库精选torque是什么意思、英语单词推荐、用法及解释、中英文句子翻译、英语短语、英音发音音标、美音发音音标。
torque的发音音标： 英音 [ t?:k ] ； 美音 [ t?:k ] torque是什么意思：名词1.不可数名词解释有以下几种：（使机器旋转的）扭转力
同义词：。
To impart torque to.
使…旋转;附加旋转力于…
Trans-Torque【abbr】TTOR
变速箱扭力
midrangmidrange torque.
中程弹道导弹;中度转矩
Because of the perturbation, Mars experiences some torque.
因为有微扰，火星就受到一些转矩的作用。
The total internal torque in any system is equal to zero
任何一个系统，其总内转矩等于零。
7 Addition of 0.5 to 1% PF-LUBE should be recommended to reduce any high torque or drag problems
建议向泥浆中加入0.5~1%的PF-LUBE以降低扭矩和摩阻。
Max. torque
最大扭矩(N.M)
Output torque
Qualitatively, a torque is a "twist".
定性地说，转矩就是扭转。
torque measuring instrument
转矩测量仪表
a twisting force
英语单词推荐
2015torque是什么意思由沪江网提供。Chinese Aero-Engines and Unmanned Aerospace Vehicles
Chinese Aero-Engines and Unmanned Aerospace Vehicles
Copyright & 2001
Aero-Engines
HS - Hou Sai (Piston/Propeller Aircraft Engines):
=================================================
(Copy of) Ivchenko AI-14R, used by CJ-6, Y-11
PF - (Jet/Turbo Aircraft Engines):
==================================
(Copy of) Klimov VK-1F, used by JJ-1
WP - Wopen (TurboJet Aircraft Engines):
=======================================
TurboJet engine, used in Q-5, J-12 (?)
TurboJet engine, used in J-8 (based on R-11)
TurboJet engine, used in J-7M
TurboJet engine, used in CH-1
TurboJet engine, used in J-7III, J-8-II (based on WP-7)
TurboJet engine, used in J-7III, J-8-II
TurboJet engine, used in F-7M, F-7MF, F-7MG
WJ - W... (TurboProp Aircraft Engines):
=======================================
TurboProp engine, used in SH-5
WS - W... (TurboFan Aircraft Engines):
======================================
TurboFan engine
TurboFan engine, used in H-7/JH-7
Cinese-built RR Spey TurboJet, used in H-7/JH-7/FBC-1
WZ - W... (TurboShaft Aircraft Engines):
========================================
Turboshaft engine, used in Z-6
Missiles and Drones
Missiles and Rockets (military):
================================
Target Drones:
--------------
Changkong IC
Unmanned Aerial (Combat) Vehicles (UAV/UCAV):
---------------------------------------------
(Chang Hong 1, copy of AQM-34 Firefly UAV)
(built by Guizhou, also known as WZ-2000A UCAV)
Anti-Submarine missiles:
------------------------
Anti-Tank missiles:
-------------------
Hong Jian (HJ-x) ==> Red Arrow
(built by NORINCO, wire-guided)
Anti-Ship (cruise) missiles (SSM):
----------------------------------
Hai Yang (HY-x) ==> Sea Eagle (also "Hai Ying")
Feilong ==> Flying Dragon
Yeng Yi ==> ?
(Silkworm / Seersucker)
(Silkworm)
CSS-N-2/CSSC-3 (Seersucker, also "Feilong-2", coastal defense missile systems,
anti-ship missile, also air-launched ? (C-601),
based on USSR SS-N-2 Styx, with USSR AS-5 guidance system,
range: 60 miles, warhead/payload: 1,100 lb)
(Kraken, anti-ship missile)
(short-range anti-ship missile)
(Sardine, also "Yeng Yi", SSM, anti-ship missile, also air-launched,
based on MM.38 Exocet (?), on ES5G class)
(air-launched version of C-802)
(Silkworm/Seersucker ?)
CSS-N-4/CSSC-8 (Saccade, anti-ship cruise missile, also coastal defense missile
systems, SSM, based on MM.40 (?), built by CPMEIC (?))
YJ-22 / C-802K
(Land Attack Missile)
(Land Attack Cruise Missile, based on YJ-6 / C-601, TV-seeker)
Surface-to-Surface missiles, Ship-based (SSM, SLBM):
----------------------------------------------------
Ju Lang (JL-x) ==> Great Wave (also Giant Wave)
(based on DF-21, SLBM, two stage, solid-fueled,
range: 1,700 km/1,119 miles,
warhead/payload: 600 kg, based on XIA class, also CSS-NX-3 ?)
(based on DF-23 or DF-31, SLBM, three stage, solid-fueled,
range: 8,000 km/4,960 miles/4871 miles)
Surface-to-Air (Anti-Aircraft) missiles (SAM):
----------------------------------------------
Hong Nu (HN-x) ==> Red Cherry
(USSR 9K32/9M32 series (SA-7 Grail SAM))
(modified)
Hong Qi (HQ-x) ==> Red Flag
(USSR V-750 series ((SA-2 Guideline SAM))
(medium range SAM, SAR-guided)
HY-61M / RF-61
(Navy version of HQ-61)
(built by CPMIEC)
(new SAM ? [see skunk works mailing list])
(USSR S-300 MPU (SA-10/20 Growler/Grumble/Gargoyle SAM),
based at Zhangzhou, range: 90 km ?)
Air-to-Air missiles (AAM):
--------------------------
Pi Li (PL-x) ==> Thunderbolt
(license-built by CATIC, from USSR R-13 (AA-2 Atoll), IR-guided)
(license-built by CATIC, from USSR (AA-2-2 Advanced Atoll))
(modified PL-2A)
(larger version of PL-2, IR-guided)
(similar to PL-2/PL-3, SAR-guided)
(built by CATIC, AIM-9G look-alike, IR-guided)
(built by CATIC, modified)
(built by CATIC, Matra R550 Magic look-alike, IR-guided)
(built by CATIC, modified)
(IAI Python 3 look-alike, IR-guided)
(built by CATIC, larger version of PL-5, not in service, IR-guided)
(built by CATIC, based on HQ-61 SAM, SAR-guided)
Surface-to-Surface missiles, Land based (SSM, MRBM, IRBM, ICBM):
----------------------------------------------------------------
Dong Feng (DF-x) ==> East Wind (also sometimes "Deng Feng" or "Dong Fang")
(Artillery Rocket, range: 80-100 km)
(Scunner, USSR)
(Scud, USSR)
(Sibling, USSR)
(IRBM, single stage, liquid-fueled, in service 1970, range: 1,200 km,
warhead/payload: 1,000 kg)
(ICBM, range: 10,000 km, canceled)
(IRBM, single stage, liquid-fueled, range: 2,800 km/1,926 miles,
warhead/payload: 2,150 kg)
(ICBM, two stage, liquid-fueled, range: 7,000 km/3,417 miles)
CSS-3 Mod. 2
(modernized)
(ICBM, prototype)
(ICBM, two stage, liquid-fueled, range: 13,000 km/11,000 km/7,457 miles)
CSS-4 Mod. 2
(modernized, blunt nose, increased range or payload)
(ICBM, range: 15,000 km, canceled)
DF-11 / M-11
(MRBM, prototype, first flight tested 1990)
(MRBM, single stage, solid-fueled, range: 300 km/186 miles,
warhead/payload: 500 kg, built by CALT (was BWYIC), in service 1992)
(appr. 50 added per year, 220 - 300 stationed at bases in Fujian and
Jiangxi provinces, appr. 100 at Xianyou, Fujian, 2nd one, detected 2001)
M-11 Mod. 2
(MRBM, advanced version of M-11 ?, range: 300 km, based at Xianyou)
(based at Yonggang, Jiangxi province, 500 km range -- mixup with CSS-6 ???)
(ICBM, range: 8,000 km, canceled)
DF-15 / M-9
(MRBM, prototype, first tested 1988)
(MRBM, single stage, solid-fueled, range: 600 km/373 miles,
warhead/payload: 500 kg, built by CALT (was BWYIC), in service 1991,
based at Fujian)
(IRBM, two stage, solid-fueled, range: 1,800 km/1,119 miles,
warhead/payload: 600 kg)
(ICBM, range: 8,000 km, canceled)
(IRBM, range: 1,700 km)
(ICBM, three stage, solid-fueled, range: 8,000 km/4,871 miles,
warhead/payload: 100 kt, 4th test flight: 08/1999, 5th: expected 06/2000)
(ICBM, two stage, liquid-fueled, range: 7,440 miles, warhead/payload: 1 mt)
(IRBM, canceled)
(also Project 8610, based on USSR V-750 series (SA-2 Guideline SAM))
(eight-tube 273 mm MRL, range: 80 km (older was 40 km))
(artillery rocket, range: 80 km)
---------------------------
(build by SBA, based on DF-5, used )
Chang Zheng (CZ-x) ==> Long March (LM-x)
----------------------------------------
(build by CALT, based on DF-3 / CSS-2 or DF-4 / CSS-3, used )
(build by CALT, modernized version of CZ-1, planned to enter service
(build by CALT, old core, based on modified DF-4 / CSS-3, used 1974)
(same as CZ-2 ?)
(build by CALT, old core, based on DF-5 / CSS-4)
(CZ-2C with Smart Dispenser upper stage, also CZ-2C-III/SD)
(CZ-2C with Top Stage upper stage, planned)
(build by SBA, new core, similar to DF-31 ?)
(build by CALT, new core, stretched 2nd stage, 4 liquid-fueled
strap-on booster, with Star 63 or EPKM (SPTM-17) upper stage/kick-motor)
(build by CALT, improved CZ-2E, planned to be tested in next 3 years,
LEO payload: 11,800 kg)
(build by CALT, improved CZ-2E, used for Shenzhou spacecraft)
(build by CALT, GEO launch vehicle, old core, same 2nd stage as CZ-2,
small LOX/LH2 3rd stage)
(build by CALT, new core, stretched 1st stage, large LOX/LH2 3rd stage)
(build by CALT, new core, stretched 1st stage, large LOX/LH2 3rd stage),
plus 4 liquid-fueled strap-on booster (as CZ-2E))
(build by SBA, 1st stage: 4 YF-20B engines, 2nd stage: 1 YF-22B/YF-23B
engine, 3rd stage: 2 YF-40 engines, same 2nd stage as CZ-2 and CZ-3 ?,
conventional 3rd stage)
(same as CZ-4 ?)
(build by SBA, N2O4/UDMH engine(s))
(planned heavy launch vehicle, LEO payload: 23,000 kg, GTO payload: 11,000 kg,
height: 50-55 m, weight: 800,000 kg, 2 stages, Kerosene/LH2/LOX, 4 LP booster)
Rocket Engines:
===============
(EPKM perigee kick motor)
(LOX/UDMH engine)
(LOX/UDMH engine, four in first stage of CZ-4A)
(LOX/UDMH engine)
(LOX/UDMH engine)
(LOX/UDMH engine, one in second stage of CZ-4A)
(LOX/UDMH engine)
(LOX/UDMH engine, one in second stage of CZ-4A)
(LOX/UDMH engine)
(or FY-25 ?, solid apogee motor, used by Beidou satellite)
(LOX/UDMH engine, two in third stage of CZ-4A)
Spacecraft and Satellites
Spacecraft:
===========
Project 926 (Shenzhou) ("Magic Vessel" or "Divine Ship") (launched
on CZ-2F-1 for CASC)
Satellites:
===========
Dong Fang Hong (DFH-x) ==> East Is Red (also "Dong Feng Hong")
--------------------------------------------------------------
on CZ-1-1)
DFH-2 (Shiyong Tongbu Tongxin) (launched
on CZ-3-3, "Shiyong Tongbu Tongxin Weixing")
DFH-2A (DFH-2-1)
on CZ-3-4)
DFH-2A-2 (Zhongxing 2)
on CZ-3-5)
DFH-2A (Zhongxing 3)
on CZ-3-6)
DFH-2A-4 (Zhongxing 4)
on CZ-3-8, stranded)
DFH-3 mockup (Kua Fu 1)
(Dummy Sat, launched
on CZ-3A-1)
(ComSat, launched
on CZ-3A-2, built by Germany)
DFH-3 (Zhongxing 6)
(ComSat, launched
on CZ-3A-3)
ChinaSat 7 (Zhongxing 7)
(ComSat, launched
on CZ-3-11)
DFH (Zhongxing 22)
(ComSat, launched
on CZ-3A-4)
Beidou (1)
(Experimental Navigation Technology Sat, launched
on CZ-3A-5,
built by CAST/Beijing, based on DFH-3, Beidou => "Northern Dipper" or
"Ursa Major")
Beidou (2)
(Experimental Navigation Technology Sat, launched
on CZ-3A-6)
Fanhui Shi Weixing (FSW-X) ==> Recoverable Test Satellite
---------------------------------------------------------
(launch failed
on CZ-2A-1)
on CZ-2C-1)
on CZ-2C-2)
on CZ-2C-3)
on CZ-2C-4)
on CZ-2C-5)
on CZ-2C-6)
on CZ-2C-7)
on CZ-2C-8)
on CZ-2C-9)
on CZ-2C-10)
on CZ-2C-11)
on CZ-2C-12)
on CZ-2C-13)
FSW-1-14 (Jian Bing 93)
on CZ-2C-14)
on CZ-2D-1)
on CZ-2D-2)
on CZ-2D-3)
Feng Yun (FY-x) ==> Wind and Cloud (also "Fengyun")
---------------------------------------------------
on CZ-4-1)
on CZ-4-2)
on CZ-4B-1, with SJ-5)
on CZ-3-12)
on CZ-3-..)
J... S... S... Weixing (JSSW-x)
-------------------------------
(launch failed
on FB-1-2)
(launch failed
on FB-1-3)
on FB-1-4)
on FB-1-5)
on FB-1-6)
(launch failed
on FB-1-7)
Shi Jian (SJ-x)
---------------
on CZ-1-2)
(launch failed
on FB-1-10)
SJ-2A (SJ-2)
on FB-1-11, with SJ-2B and SJ-2C)
SJ-2B (SJ-2A)
on FB-1-11, with SJ-2A and SJ-2C)
SJ-2C (SJ-2B)
on FB-1-11, with SJ-2A and SJ-2B)
(Science Sat, launched
on CZ-4B-1, with FY-1C)
Shiyan T... Weixing (STW-x)
---------------------------
STW-1 (Shiyan Weixing)
on CZ-3-1, "Shiyan Weixing")
(S. Tongbu Tongxin W.)
on CZ-3-2, "Shiyan Tongbu Tongxin Weixing")
Zi Yuan (ZY-x)
--------------
ZY-1 (CBERS)
(Remote Imaging Sat, launched
on CZ-4B-2 ? for CASC/INPE,
"China-Brasil Earth Resource Satellite")
(Remote Imaging Sat, launched
on CZ-4B-3 ? for CASC)
Commercial Satellites (including tests):
========================================
Agila 2 (Mabuhay)
on CZ-3B-2 for MPSC)
Apstar 1 (APSTAR 1)
on CZ-3-9 for APT)
on CZ-3-10 for APT)
(launch failed
on CZ-2E-5 for APT)
on CZ-3B-3 for APT)
Asiasat 1 (Asiasat)
on CZ-3-7 for Asiasat)
on CZ-2E-6 for Asiasat)
Echostar 1
on CZ-2E-7 for TCI)
HS-601 Model
on CZ-2E-1 for MAI)
Intelsat 708
(launch failed
on CZ-3B-1 for Intelsat)
Iridium MFS 1
on CZ-2C-III/SD (CZ-2C-15) for Iridium)
Iridium 42 (SV042)
on CZ-2C-III/SD (CZ-2C-16) for Iridium)
Iridium 51 (SV051)
on CZ-2C-III/SD (CZ-2C-17) for Iridium)
Iridium 69 (SV069)
on CZ-2C-III/SD (CZ-2C-18) for Iridium)
Iridium 3 (SV078)
on CZ-2C-III/SD (CZ-2C-19) for Iridium)
Iridium 11A (SV088 ?)
on CZ-2C-III/SD (CZ-2C-20) for Iridium)
Iridium 14A (SV090 ?)
on CZ-2C-III/SD (CZ-2C-21) for Iridium)
on CZ-2E-2 for Optus)
on CZ-2E-3 for Optus)
on CZ-2E-4 for Optus)
on CZ-3B-5 for Eurasspace)
Zhongwei 1 (ChinaStar 1)
on CZ-3B-4 for China Orient)
Designations and Names:
=======================
= Chuji Jiaolianji / Basic Trainer
= Chang Zheng / Long March
= Dong Feng / East Wind (also "Deng Feng" or "Dong Fang")
= Dong Fang Hong / East Is Red (also "Dong Feng Hong")
= Feng Bao / Tempest
= Feilong / Flying Dragon
= Fanhui Shi Weixing / Recoverable Test Satellite
= Feng Yun / Wind and Cloud
= Hongzhaji / Bomber
= Hongzhaji Jiaolianji / Bomber Trainer
= Hong Jian / Red Arrow
= Hong Nu / Red Cherry
= Hong Qi / Red Flag
= Hou Sai / (Piston/Propeller Aircraft Engines ?)
= Hai Yang / Sea Eagle (also "Hai Ying")
= Hongzhaji Zhenchaji / Reconnaissance Bomber
= Jianjiji / Fighter
= Jian Bing / ???
= Jianjiji Hongzhaji / Fighter-Bomber
= Jianjiji Jiaolianji / Fighter Trainer
= Ju Lang (Julang) / Great Wave (also Giant Wave)
= J... S... S... Weixing / .... Satellite
= Jianjiji Zhenchaji / Reconnaissance Fighter
= Kua Fu / ???
= P... F... (Jet/Turbo Aircraft Engine ?)
= Pi Li / Thunderbolt
= Qiangjiji / Attack
= Shuishang Hongzhaji / Maritime Bomber
= Shi Jian / ???
= S... K... Weixing / .... Satellite
= Shiyan Tongbu Tongxin Weixing / .... Satellite
= Shiyong Tongbu Tongxin Weixing / .... Satellite
= Shiyan T... Weixing / .... Satellite
= W... J... / (TurboProp Aircraft Engines ?)
= Wopen (?) / (TurboJet Aircraft Engines ?)
= W... S... / (TurboFan Aircraft Engines ?)
= W... Z... / (TurboShaft Aircraft Engines ?)
= Xiangji / Glider
- Y... J... / ???
= Yeng Yi / ???
= Yunshuji / Transport
= Zhishengji / Helicopter/VTOL
= Zhongwei / (China Star) ?
= Zhongxing / (China Sat) ?
= Zi Yuan / ???
NATO/USA designations:
----------------------
CAS-N-x (or CAS-XN-x) ==> Chinese Air-to-Surface Missile, Navy, (eXperimental/under development)
(or CSS-X-x)
==> Chinese Surface-to-Surface Missile, (eXperimental/under development)
CSS-N-x (or CSS-XN-x) ==> same, for Navy
CSA-N-x (or CSA-XN-x) ==> Chinese Surface-to-Air Missile, Navy, (eXperimental/under development)
(or CSSC-X-x) ==> Chinese Surface-to-Surface Coastal-defense / Cruise Missile, (eXperimental/under development)
Companies/Organizations:
========================
= (satellite operator)
= Aviation Industries of China / China Aviation Industry Corp. (comprises 15 different enterprises)
= Civil Aviation Administration of China
= Chengdu Aircraft Corporation
= China Aerospace Corp. (Chinese National Space Agency)
= China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing
CALT/Shaanxi = China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Shaanxi
= China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing
= China National Aero-Technology Import and Export Corp. (manufacturer)
= C... (Jingdezhen)
= (satellite operator)
China Orient = (satellite operator)
= China Great Wall Industry Corp.
= China Nanchang Aircraft (manufacturer)
= (or CPMIEC ?) China ...
= G... (Anshun)
- Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation
= Nanchang Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation
= Shenyang Aircraft Corporation, Mukden, Shenyang
SAC/Shaanxi
= Shenyang Aircraft Corporation, Shaanxi
= Shijiazhuang Aircraft Production Plant (?)
= Shanghai Bureau of Astronautics, Shanghai
= Shanghai Institute for Satellite Engineering, Shanghai
= Xian Aircraft Corporation, Mukden, Shenyang
(c) 2001, Andreas Gehrs-Pahl
Last Updated: 23 June 2001}