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移动中间件管理平台的设计与实现外
官方公共微信[转载]关于挥杆过程中髋部如何移动最专业的分析
这是俺看过的最专业的论述, 非常细致到位, 只可惜是全英文的,呵呵.
The Backswing and Downswing
Hip Pivot Movements: Their Critical Role in the Golf
上杆和下杆髋部旋转运动:
它们在高尔夫挥杆中的关键作用
the index page.
Introduction
I have recently come to realise that the
backswing/downswing hip pivot movements play a critical role in the
full golf swing, and I believe that their importance is not fully
appreciated. In this review paper, I will describe the
backswing/downswing hip pivot movements and demonstrate why they
play a critical role in the full golf swing.
我最近意识到上杆下杆时髋部的旋转运动在全挥杆中起着关键的作用，我相信他们的重要性尚未被完全理解。在本文，我将描述的击球时，髋关节枢轴运动和为什么他们在全挥杆中发挥关键作用。
I also believe that many beginner
golfers totally misunderstand what the hips are doing when they
move in the golf swing. I am a member of a number of online golf
discussion forums and the topic of "how best to start the downswing
with a hip move" frequently comes up for discussion. Some golfers,
participating in the discussion forum, recommend that one should
initiate the downswing lower body move with a right hip rotation
movement (a hip squaring movement) where one rotates the right hip
forward in the direction of the ball-target line. What they don't
realise is that it is very difficult to rotate the right hip
forward at the start of the downswing when most of the body weight
is situated over the right femoral head. Downhill skiers understand
this point and that's why they use their ski poles to help unload
the ipsilateral hip joint before they initiate a turn. Golfers
don't have an accessory mechanical aid that can help them unload
the right hip at the very start of the downswing. A second
important point that many beginner golfers don't appreciate is that
the hip squaring action at the start of the downswing shouldn't
involve a movement of the right hip forward (towards the
ball-target line), but it should rather be a movement of the left
hip back towards the tush line (away from the ball-target
line). Some online forum discussants suggest a totally different
approach, and they recommend that the downswing hip movement should
start with a hip slide, rather than a hip rotation, but they don't
always understand what's the purpose of the hip slide and they
therefore cannot definitively state "how much the hips should
slide".& Arguments therefore break out as to
whether the hip slide should just be a "hip bump" or whether it
should be a true "hip slide". All these issues about hip slide
versus hip rotation, hip slide versus hip bump, are confusing
issues and I hope that this review paper offers beginner golfers a
better understanding of the "correct" hip movements in the
backswing and
downswing.&&
我也相信很多新手高尔夫球手完全误解了髋部在高尔夫挥杆中的移动。我作为一个成员参加了多个在线高尔夫论坛的主题为“如何最佳地用髋关节运动启动下杆”经常出现的讨论。一些高尔夫球手参与论坛讨论时建议,启动身体下部移动，开始于一个右髋的旋转运动（髋回到方正的动作），向着球的目标线向前转动右髋。他们没有意识到的是，转动右髋向前在启动下杆是非常困难的，因为这时身体的大部分重量坐落在右股骨头。下坡滑雪运动员了解这一点，这就是为什么他们在转弯前用滑雪杖帮助卸载同侧髋关节的重量前。打高尔夫球的人没有辅助机械的援助，帮助他们卸载右髋关节在下挥杆开始的重量。第二点也很重要，许多高尔夫初学者没有认识到的一点是，髋回到方正的运动启动动作不是一个右髋向前运动（向着球目标线），但它应该是一个左髋向后回到臀垂线的运动（离开球靶线）。一些网上论坛讨论者提出一个完全不同的方法，他们建议时，髋关节运动应从髋部滑动，而不是一个髋关节的旋转，但他们并不总是了解髋关节滑的目的是什么，因此他们不能明确说明”臀部滑动多少”。于是引发争论是否髋滑动应该只是一个“髋部突前”或它是否应该成为一个真正的“髋滑动”。所有这些问题,髋部滑动h还是髋部的旋转，髋部滑动还是髋部突前，是非常让人困惑的问题，我希望本文提供给初学者打高尔夫球的人更好地理解“在击球时髋部正确的动作”。
The Backswing Hip Pivot
The backswing hip pivot movement can
be defined as the biomechanical right hip movement that occurs when
a golfer pivots over the right leg during the backswing.
上杆过程中的髋部旋转运动可以定义为:
生理结构方面的右胯运动,发生于高尔夫球手上杆时以右腿为转轴的旋转。
Why should a golfer pivot over the
right leg during the backswing?
为何上杆过程中，球手以右腿为轴心旋转？
Try the following experiment. Stand
perfectly erect, and try and maximally turn your shoulders
perpendicularly around your erect spine - without moving your hips.
You will soon discover that you can only rotate your shoulders
about 30-45 degrees if you don't allow your hips to rotate. The
reason is that the thoracic spine only has a limited ability to
tilt/rotate and this is a major limiting factor in the degree of
shoulder rotation that can be achieved without pelvis rotation. The
same degree of restricted shoulder movement occurs when one bends
over at at angle of 25-40 degrees (the usual degree of bent-over
spinal posture at address). In other words, a golfer has to rotate
his hips to achieve an adequate shoulder turn. What
represents an adequate shoulder turn for a full golf
试试下面的实验。完全直立，并最大限度地围绕脊柱转动你的肩膀--你的臀部不准移动。你很快就会发现，你只能转动你的肩膀约30-45度，如果你不让你的臀部旋转。原因是，胸椎只有有限的能力，倾斜或旋转，这是一个肩膀的旋转主要的限制因素，如果骨盆没有旋转。当一个人前倾25-40度角时，肩膀的运动程度遭遇相同的限制（瞄球时一般程度的弯曲脊柱姿势）。换句话说，一个球员需要旋转他的臀部，以达到足够的转肩幅度。那么什么是全挥杆中所谓的充分转肩？
Aaron Baddeley's end-backswing
position - from reference number [1]
Note that Aaron Baddeley has rotated his shoulders
about 90 degrees around his upper spine, and that represents a good
end-backswing goal for a beginner golfer. There is no need to
rotate one's shoulders &90 degrees. Also, note that the
clubshaft is at 90 degrees to the left forearm, and that represents
a "fully loaded" club. Those are the two critical elements that a
beginner golfer must try and achieve during the backswing of a full
golf swing.
注意，亚伦巴德利的肩膀相对上脊柱转动约90度，那是一个初学者高尔夫挥杆很好的最终目标。不需要旋转你的肩膀&
90度。同时，注意握把相对左前臂呈90度，代表一个“完全上膛”的球杆。这是一个初级高尔夫球手必须努力实现全挥杆击球过程中的两个关键要素。
Note that Aaron Baddeley has rotated
his hips slightly in order to achieve a 90 degree shoulder
rotation. The amount that one needs to rotate the hips depend on
one's degree of body flexibility. A golfer who has an inflexible
torso will have to turn his hips a greater amount in order to allow
the shoulders to rotate 90 degrees around the upper spine. One
should limit the hip turn to the smallest amount that allows a 90
degree shoulder rotation. An over-rotation of the hips can
predispose a golfer to over-swinging, which is a fault that plagues
Phil Mickelson's driver swing. Phil Mickelson recently changed his
coach, and his new coach, Butch Harmon, is working on correcting
Phil Mickelson's over-swinging problem by getting him to limit his
注意亚伦巴德利略微旋转他的髋部，以达到90度的转肩量。需要转髋的程度取决于一个人的身体的柔韧性。一个球手假如有僵直的躯干，将不得不将他的髋部转动更多以让肩膀旋转90度左右。一个球手在转肩90度情况下，尽可能限制转髋程度。过度转髋将导致过度上杆，这是一个困扰米克尔森的一号木挥杆的问题。米克尔森最近改变了他的教练，和他的新教练，布彻哈蒙，正在修正米克尔森的挥杆问题，让他限制他的髋部转动。
See this swing video
How does a golfer limit the hip
turn, and what represents an adequate hip turn?
那么球手如何限制转髋？如何知道髋部已经转动足够了？
is important to appreciate that one rotates the shoulders around a
single, centralised axis - the spinal axis. However, there is
no single centralised axis for the pelvis (hip) rotation
because we have two legs, and the pelvis is suspended over the two
legs. Therefore, during the backswing the pelvis has to rotate over
the right hip socket, and during the late downswing/followthrough
the pelvis has to rotate over the left hip socket. A golfer has no
choice regarding the matter - human anatomy dictates this reality
and a golfer has to move his hips in concordance with anatomical
一个球手围绕一个单一的、中心的轴--脊柱，来转肩，是需要认识的一个重要概念。然而，对于骨盆来说，没有一个单一的中心的轴用于旋转，因为我们有两条腿，和骨盆悬在两条腿之上。因此，在上杆过程中，骨盆旋转于右髋股骨臼上，后期下杆时骨盆旋转在左髋股骨臼上。球手对此事没有选择--人体解剖学决定这一现实，球员在移动他的髋部必须遵从解剖学的现实。
Photo adopted from reference
number& [2]
Note that the femoral head articulates with the pelvis at the hip
socket joint (acetabulum). The acetabulum is a cup-shaped
depression in the side of the pelvis and the rounded femoral head
swivels about in the shallow cup-shaped hip socket (acetabular)
joint. Note that the femoral head protudes at an angle of about 45
degrees from the femur, and the part of the femur that connects the
femur to the femoral head is called the femoral neck. It is
important to appreciate the asymmetrical appearance of the hip
joint and how it sits on the side of the pelvis.
请注意，股骨头铰接在髋关节的骨盆（髋臼）。髋臼是骨盆侧杯状凹陷，圆形的股骨头旋转在浅杯状髋臼关节。请注意，在股骨头与股骨有45度夹角，连接股骨的股骨头股骨部分称为股骨颈。认识到髋关节对称性以及如何坐在骨盆侧是很重要的。
The lumbosacral joint area is where
the lumbar spine (lower 5 vertebrae of the spinal column) attaches
to the pelvis (sacrum). There is no movement at the
lumbosacral joint, and it is a "fixed' joint. The lumbar vertebrae
are virtually incapable of rotatory movement, and the lumbar spine
can only flex forward (lumbar flexion) and slighly backwards
(lumbar hyperextension).
Consider an anatomical diagram of
the lumbar vertebra.
腰骶关节区是在腰椎（下五节脊柱椎骨的）附着于骨盆（骶骨）。腰骶关节是不可活动的，它是一个“固定的”关节。腰椎是几乎无法旋转运动，只能弯曲向前（腰椎屈曲）和稍向后（腰椎拉伸）。
考虑腰椎解剖图。
Anatomy of the lumbar spine -
diagram by Frank Netta
The superior articular process of one lumbar vertebra articulates
with the inferior articular process (of the lumbar vertebra above)
at the inter-articular facet joint. The cup-shaped joint
arrangement resists rotary motion and the average amount of
rotation possible at each lumbar vertebral level is approximately
0.8 degrees.&
一个腰椎上关节突和下关节突（上面一节腰椎的）相连关节内关节面。杯状关节的构造抵抗旋转运动，每个腰椎水平旋转的能力平均为0.8度。
There are 12 thoracic vertebrae and
each thoracic vertebra can slide a little sideways where it
articulates with the adjacent thoracic vertebra - and that allows
the entire thoracic spine to achieve a small degree of tilt,
and/or a small degree of rotation (a spiralling of the thoracic
spine spine around its central axis).&
一共有12节胸椎，每个胸椎与相邻的胸椎连接处可以侧滑一点，使整个胸椎实现一个小的倾斜，或一个小角度的旋转（旋转围绕其中心轴胸椎脊柱）。
Anatomy of the thoracic vertebra -
diagram by Frank Netta
Note that the superior and inferior articular facet
joint surfaces of the thoracic vetebra are flat - like shingles on
a roof - and that allows each thoracic vertebra to rotate more
freely about the longitudinal axis of the spine.
注意，上下胸椎关节突的关节面是平的--
如同屋顶瓦片--这样允许每个胸椎更自由地围绕脊柱的纵向轴线旋转。
Note that a golfer usually adopts a
position at address that causes the spine to be tilted slightly to
the right (see above photo of a ) and note that the rightwards spinal tilt is due to the
fact that i) the pelvis is minimally tilted (note that the left
pelvis is minimally higher than the right pelvis) and this causes
the lumbar spine to be minimally and ii) the
thoracic spine is slightly tilted/arched to the right. Pre-tilting
the spine to the right has the benefit of getting the head and
upper spine to be behind the ball at address.
注意球手在瞄球时，通常采用脊椎略微偏右的站姿（参见上面的瞄球照片）并注意脊柱向右倾斜是因为1）骨盆略微倾斜（注意左侧骨盆略高于右骨盆）这使得腰椎轻度向右侧倾斜；2）胸椎稍微向右倾斜/弯曲。预倾斜的脊柱偏向右侧，对于保持头部和脊柱上部在瞄球时位于球后方是有好处的。
When a golfer starts the backswing,
he needs to avoid hip swaying. Hip swaying occurs when a golfer
allows the right thigh to sway to the right. When the golfer sways
to the right, the pelvis often sways to the right along with the
right thigh. That causes tilting of the pelvis, and the right
pelvis becomes higher than the left pelvis. This pelvic tilt causes
the lumbar spine to tilt to the left and the golfer ends up leaning
to the left side (towards the target). That leftwards spinal tilt
is called a reverse pivot, and should be avoided. A golfer needs to
pivot his pelvis over his right femoral head without any swaying,
and that requires a relatively "fixed" right femoral head position.
How does a golfer "fix" the position of the right femoral head, so
that the pelvis can pivot over the femoral head? The right thigh is
"fixed" in position if the golfer keeps the right knee slightly
flexed throughout the entire backswing and prevents the
right knee/thigh from swaying to the right. It is perfectly
acceptable for the right knee to straighten a little (as viewed
from a down-the-line view) as long as the right knee/thigh doesn't
move sideways away from the target (when viewed from a face-on
当一个球员开始上杆，他需要避免髋部的摆动。髋关节摆动的发生源于高尔夫球手让右腿向右摆动。当球手向右侧摆动，骨盆随着右大腿一起向右摆动。导致骨盆错误倾斜，右骨盆变得高于左骨盆。这导致腰椎骨盆向左倾斜，球员最终歪向左边（朝向出球方向）。向左倾斜的脊椎，被称为反转，是需要极力避免的。一个球员需要在右侧大腿没有摆动的情况下正确地在股骨头上转动他的骨盆，这需要一个相对固定的右侧股骨头的位置。如何“固定”的右侧股骨头的位置，使骨盆可在股骨头上旋转？右大腿处于“固定”的位置，如果球手在整个上杆过程中保持右膝关节轻度屈曲，防止右膝盖和大腿向右晃动，为此右膝盖在过程中略微绷直一点是完全可以接受的（从侧面看），只要右膝盖、大腿没有向右横向移动（从正面看时）。
Aaron Baddeley - end-backswing
position - from reference number [1]
The yellow line was placed alongside the front/side
of the right knee at address, and the red line was placed alongside
the front/side of the right knee at the end-backswing position. One
can note that there is no lateral movement of the right knee during
the backswing, although the right knee straightens a little (when
viewed from the side). Its perfectly acceptable for the right knee
to straighten even more than Aaron Baddeley's right knee. The
primary purpose of "fixing" the right knee is that it stabilises
the right thigh and turns the entire right lower limb into a
stable "post", that will allow the golfer to pivot the right
hemi-pelvis over the top of this stable "post". The right
femoral head is the top of the "post" and the right hemi-pelvis can
rotate over the "fixed" right femoral head, and this pelvic
movement constitutes the backswing hip pivot movement.
黄线是放置在瞄球时右膝前/侧旁，红色的线放在上杆后右膝的前/侧。人们可以注意到，没有横向移动右膝的后摆，虽然右膝盖伸直了点（从侧面观察）。即使比亚伦巴德利的右膝盖更伸直也是可以接受的。“固定”的右膝盖是稳定的右大腿，将整个右下肢成一个稳定的“后方”为主要目的，让球手在这个稳定的“后方”上旋转右半骨盆。右股骨头位于“后方”的顶部，右半骨盆可以旋转于“固定”的右侧股骨头顶部，这种骨盆运动构成上杆中髋部旋转运动。
When a golfer pivots over the right
femoral head in the backswing, the pelvis rocks over the relatively
"fixed" right femoral head, and the right buttocks moves backwards
(away from the ball-target line) and also to the left (towards the
target). That causes the lumbar spine (which is rigidily attached
to the pelvis) to be realigned in its positional orientation, so
that it faces towards the right side. That, in turn, causes the
thoracic spine to be increasingly tilted to the right side, because
the thoracic spine has a natural tendency to align itself in line
with the lumbar spine. The following cross-sectional diagram of the
body (at hip level) demonstrates these anatomical
phenomena.
当一个球员以右侧股骨头为支点上杆，骨盆滚过相对固定的右侧股骨头，右臀部向后移动（离开球和目标连线）并向左移动（朝向目标）。使腰椎（这玩意牢固附着于骨盆）被重新调整其定位朝向，使其朝向右边。这将导致胸椎是越来越偏向右侧，由于胸椎有一个自然的倾向，使自己在腰椎成一线。以下的身体的横截面图（在臀部）演示了这些解剖现象。
Cross-sectional diagram of the
body at the level of the mid-pelvis
This cross-sectional diagram demonstrates what
actually happens anatomically during the backswing hip pivot
action. During the backswing hip pivot action, the golfer prevents
the right thigh from swaying to the right by "fixing" the right
knee in a position of slight flexion, and when the golfer turns his
body to the right during the backswing, the laterally-directed
forces actually causes the right thigh to move backwards (away from
the ball-target line) and slightly to the left (towards the
target). The right thigh movement, in turn, causes the right
femoral head to move backwards and to the left. The right
hemi-pelvis has no choice, and it has to follow the movement of the
right femoral head, because of the snug cup-shaped design of
the right hip socket. The movement of the right hemi-pelvis to the
left and backwards causes the right buttocks to move to the left
and backwards. While this is happening, the left hemi-pelvis has to
simultaneously move to the right and forwards - because the pelvis
is an unitary bony structure and there is no hinge joint between
the left hemi-pelvis and right hemi-pelvis. In other words, the
movement of the left hemi-pelvis has to mirror the movement of the
right hemi-pelvis.
本图显示实际上发生的解剖学上的上杆髋部转动过程。上杆的髋部旋转中，球员为防止右大腿晃动，通过右膝微屈“固定”住右侧膝盖，当球员把他的身体在上杆中转向右方，实际上会导致右腿向后移动（离开球和目标连线）略向左侧（朝向目标）。反过来，右大腿的运动，使右侧股骨头向后移动，因为右髋臼舒适的杯形设计，右半骨盆没有选择权，只能跟随右股骨头的运动。右半骨盆向左向后的运动导致右臀部也向左向后移动。当这种情况发生时，左半骨盆也同时向右向前移动，因为骨盆是一个统一的骨性结构，左半骨盆和右半骨盆之间没有铰接。换句话说，左半骨盆做右半骨盆的镜像运动。
Most importantly. a golfer needs
to understand that there is no "true" rotatory movement in the hip
joint during the backswing hip pivot action. The pelvis "appears"
to rotate during the backswing, because the right femoral head
changes its position and moves backwards and slightly to the left,
and the right hip socket is anatomically obliged to also move with
the right femoral head. This "apparent" pelvic rotational
phenomenon constitutes the backswing hip pivot action, but there is
no "real" axis of pelvic rotation - there is only a change in the
positional alignment of the pelvis due to a change in the position
of the right femoral head.
最重要的是，一个球员需要理解在髋部旋转运动中，髋关节无“真正的”旋转运动。骨盆“貌似”在上杆中旋转，是因为右股骨头的位置变化和向后移动，稍微向左，右髋臼解剖学上必须跟随右股骨头。这种“明显”的骨盆旋转现象构成上杆髋部旋转行动，但没有“真正”的骨盆旋转轴--由于右侧股骨头的位置的变化改变了骨盆的位置。
To better understand how to perform
a "correct" backswing pivot movement, view the following Brady
Riggs swing video&
欲了解如何作出正确的上杆旋转动作，请观看下列视频
Here are a series of images from
that swing video.
Brady Riggs swing video
In images 1 and 2, Brady Riggs is demonstrating a
hip swaying movement. He drew a yellow line alongside the right
outer thigh at address, and you can see how the right outer thigh
and right outer limit of the pelvis moves to the right of that
yellow line when the hips are allowed to sway. That causes the
right hemi-pelvis to become much higher than the left hemi-pelvis,
and that causes the lumbar spine to become tilted to the left. Note
how Brady Riggs is leaning over to the left at the end of the
backswing (image 2) - a reverse pivot position. A "correct"
backswing pivot action will cause the right hemi-pelvis (right
buttock) to move backwards and to the left as the pelvis pivots
over the right femoral head - see image 3. That causes the lumbar
spine to be oriented to the right. There is a natural tendency for
the thoracic spine to align itself in sympathetic alignment with
the lumbar spine, and you can see that Brady Riggs has allowed that
to happen in image 3 - note how his entire spine is tilted
to the right, and note how his head moves slightly to the right, so
that it is vertically over a point that is right of center. Note
that a "correct" backswing hip pivot movement causes the right
thigh to move inwards (away from the yellow line) as the right
buttocks rotates around to the left. That has the added advantage
of creating space under the right shoulder, so that there is ample
room for the arms to descend down to the ball from an inside
direction during the downswing.
影像中的1和2，布雷迪里格斯展示了髋部的摆动运动。他画了一个黄色的线在瞄球站姿的右外侧，你可以看到当可以摆动时，右腿和骨盆右外侧极限运动到黄线的右侧。使右半骨盆变得比左半骨盆高得多，这导致腰椎成为向左倾斜。请注意，布雷迪里格斯上杆结束位置向左倾斜（图2）-典型的反转姿势。一个“正确”的上杆髋部旋转将导致右半骨盆（屁股）向后和向左移动，使骨盆在右侧股骨头上支点旋转-见图片3。使腰椎是向右。胸椎自然与腰椎对齐，你可以看到，布雷迪里格斯-在图3
-允许发生这个过程。注意他的整个脊柱向右倾斜，并注意他的头轻微地移动到右侧，所以它位于中心靠右侧的某一点。请注意，“正确”的上杆髋部支点旋转运动导致向内移动右大腿（远离黄线），右臀部转向左边。这还有增加右肩下方空间的额外好处，在下杆时为胳膊在内侧下降有了更大的空间。
Although there is a natural tendency
for the spine to tilt to the right during a "correct" backswing
pivot movement, one must ensure that the spine doesn't become
over-tilted to the right. The head should always be inside the
right inner foot at the end of the backswing, and the head must
never be allowed to get too far over to the right. The golfer
should still feel that his body is generally centralised
between the feet, and there should never be a feeling of leaning
over too far to the right side. Most of one's body weight will be
over the right heel at the end of the backswing, but a significant
amount of body weight should still be felt be over the left
forefoot. If one can lift the left foot off the ground and still
keep one's balance, then one has too much weight over the right
虽然“正确”的后摆枢轴运动过程中自然倾向脊柱向右倾斜，也必须确保脊柱不过于偏右。头部在上杆结束后应该总是在右脚内侧，而决不允许太右。球手仍然觉得他的身体在的两脚之间，也不应该是有靠得太右侧的感觉。大部分的体重会在上杆结束后放在右脚跟，但相当一部分体重还是应该感到在左前脚掌。这时如果人能举起左脚离地，依然维持平衡，就说明有太多的重量在右脚。
Some golfers prefer to keep more
centralised during the backswing pivot movement.
有些球手倾向于更多地保持上杆过程中重心居中
Nick Faldo - end-backswing
position - from reference number [4]
Note that Nick Faldo's right buttocks has moved back
and to the left, and that causes the lumbar spine to be oriented to
the right. However, Nick Faldo has less rightwards tilt of the
thoracic spine than Brady Riggs, and his head is just to the right
of central. This is a perfectly acceptable and there is no rule
that defines how much the spine should be tilted to the right at
the end of the backswing. However, one should definitely avoid a
leftwards tilted spine, and/or a spine that is tilted too
far to the right. One should feel in perfect balance between one's
feet at the end of the backswing.
请注意，尼克费度的右臀部向后移并向左移，并导致腰椎是面向右。然而，尼克费度胸椎向右倾斜的程度比布雷迪里格斯小，他的头位于中间偏右一点。这是完全可以接受的，没有规则定义了上杆结束时脊柱应该倾斜多少。然而，绝对应该避免向左倾斜的脊柱，或脊椎倾斜太右。上杆结束球手应该感到完美平衡于自己的脚之间。
Some beginner golfers have
difficulty performing a "correct" backswing pivot movement when
starting from the static address position if the body weight is
equally distributed between the feet. It may help those beginner
golfers if they lower the right pelvis slightly at address, so they
feel that there is slightly more weight on the right heel at
address, and they should have a distinct "feeling" that they could
easily sit/squat on the right heel during the backswing.
Whatever technique a beginner golfer utilises to perform a
"correct" backswing pivot movement, he must have a distinct feeling
that the lumbar spine is oriented towards the right at the end of
the backswing, and he should also feel that the thoracic spine is
oriented slightly to the right. The head should be allowed to move
a little to the right during the backswing, so that it remains in
sympathetic alignment with the cervical spine, and it should end up
vertically above a point that is a few inches inside the right
有些初学者高尔夫球感到有困难进行“正确”的髋部旋转，特别是从静态站姿位置时，身体的重量平均分配于双脚之间。也许他们在站姿中降低右骨盆略有帮助那些初学者，所以他们觉得瞄球时站姿中体重在右脚跟稍重，他们应该有一个独特的“感觉”，他们在上杆中可以很容易的坐、蹲在右脚。无论技术初学者使用何种技巧做一个“正确”的上杆支点旋转运动，他一定要在上杆结束后感觉腰椎是向右倾斜的，他也应该觉得胸椎略为偏右。头部应被允许上杆中略微右移，所以它同步地与颈椎对齐，它应该结束于右足内侧几英寸的上方。
Stuart Appleby - head movement in
the backswing (from a swing video)
In the image of Stuart Appleby at address (image 1),
one can note that he has small amount of spine tilt to the right,
and that his head is behind the center of his stance. At the
end-backswing position (image 2), one can see that he maintains a
centralised posture, but that there is a small amount of head
movement to the right (which is readily discernible in the
composite photo - image 3).
在上图斯图瓦特爱坡比的站位（图1），你可以注意到他的脊柱轻微右斜，他的头是在站姿中心的后面。在完成上杆的位置（图2），可以看到他保持中间的站姿，但是有一点头部向右侧移动（在图3的复合图像中很容易辨别）
Why is it important to have a spine
that is tilted to the right during the backswing, and why is it
important to have one's head behind the ball?
Consider a good end-backswing
position from a face-on view.
为何在上杆中保持脊柱向右倾斜是如此重要？为什么保持头部在球的后方如此重要？从正面看一个好的上杆结束站姿。
Ben Hogan end-backswing - from a
1953 swing video
In this swing video capture image of Ben Hogan's
end-backswing position, one notes that his upper torso is tilted to
the right and that his head is vertically over a point that is a
few inches inside his right foot (green dotted line). Most
importantly, note that I have drawn a faint yellow line between his
head and his left foot, and this line is parallel to his rightwards
tilted upper torso. That yellow line represents an imaginary axis
with the head and left foot being two stabilising points at either
end of that axis. Note that Ben Hogan's hands are just ouside his
right foot. During the downswing, Ben Hogan is going to pull his
hands down towards the ball as fast as possible, and if he didn't
have a stabilising structure within his body to support the
rigorous movement of the arms across the front of the body, then he
would topple forward in the direction of the ball. The stabilising
physical structure within his body that keeps him in balance during
the downswing are the bones (and supporting musculature) of the
left leg and the torso/spine between the head and the left foot.
That supporting physical structure is aligned in the direction that
he is going to be swinging the club, and it doesn't have to move
much in the downswing.
A good drill that will help a
beginner golfer learn how to achieve the "correct" end-backswing
posture comes from Brian Manzella.
在这个挥杆视频捕捉图像的本侯根上杆结束站姿，注意他上身向右侧倾斜，他的头垂点位于在他的右脚内侧几英寸（绿色虚线）。最重要的是，请注意，我画出一个淡淡的黄线在他的头和他的左脚之间，和这条线是平行他向右倾斜的上身。黄线表示一个虚轴，头和左脚是轴两端两个稳定点。请注意，本哈根的手，只是在他的右脚外侧一点的位置。在下挥杆的过程中，本哈根将把他的手尽可能快地拉向球，如果他没有一个稳定的支撑结构在他的身体上支持前手臂剧烈的运动，他会倒向球的方向。他下杆时在他的身体平衡所依赖的稳定的物理结构来自左腿以及左脚与头部之间的躯干中的骨骼（以及支撑的肌肉）。这个支撑物理结构与他要挥动球杆德方向一致，下杆过程中也不需要移动过多。
一个很好的练习可以帮助初学者学习如何实现“正确”的上杆结束姿势，来自布瑞恩曼泽拉。
Brian Manzella's Crossing Guard
drill - from reference number [5]
In this drill, one places a clubshaft across the
front of one's body from the left shoulder to the right hip. Then
one pivots over the right hip, while ensuring that the clubshaft
becomes vertically aligned with the right foot (blue line). That
gets's the left shoulder towards the right foot and ensures a
rightwards slope of the spine and left upper back (yellow line).
Most importantly, this drill gets the right shoulder "deep" during
the backswing, and this will allow the right shoulder to drop down
along the right shoulder plane (RSP) line at the start of the
downswing - when the pelvis slides to the left.
在练习中，把一根球杆放置在身前，从左肩到右髋。然后在右髋上支点旋转，直到确定球杆垂直方向与右脚齐平（蓝线），这将使左肩转到右脚之上，并且确保脊椎和左上背形成向右的斜坡（黄线），更重要的是，这练习使右肩在上杆中更“深”，可以在下杆时使右肩沿着右肩平面落下--此时骨盆滑向左侧。
Note that this drill is an
exaggeration of a "real life" backswing pivot movement, and a
golfer should never allow his head to get that far over to the
right - outside the right foot.
注意这个练习是一个“真实场景”上杆支点旋转运动的夸张形式，球手永不能允许头部走到如此右侧--以至于超出了右脚外侧
Consider the situation of a reverse
pivoting golfer.
Brady Riggs demonstrating a
reverse pivot - from his swing video (see above)
Note that Brady Riggs is in a
reverse pivot position and that he is leaning towards the target,
and that his spine (green dotted line) is tilted to the left
(towards the target). Also, note that the leftward tilt of the
spine causes his head to be left of the center of his stance.
That's a terrible situation to be in at the start of the downswing,
because the spine first has to move to the right&
(in the direction of the red arrow), and away from the
target, before he can effectively swing his arms down towards
the ball. How much support can the stabilising structure of his
body provide if it is moving away from the target while the
arms are swinging in the opposite direction (in the direction of
the target) and how fast can his hands be pulled down towards the
布雷迪里格斯展示一个反转挥杆视频（见上文）
请注意，布雷迪里格斯是反向支点旋转的站姿，他倾斜向目标方向，而他的脊柱（绿色虚线）向左倾斜（面向目标）。同时，注意脊柱向左倾斜的原因，他的头部位于站姿中心的左侧。这是一个可怕的情况来启动下杆，因为脊柱首先不得不移动到右侧（在红色箭头方向），并远离目标，才能有效地摆动双臂朝球。如果是身体是远离目标运动，而胳膊是在相反的方向摆动（目标的方向）身体的稳定结构能够提供多少支撑？双手被多快地拉向球？
Consider a simple analogy. Imagine a
boxer standing about 18-24" in front of a boxing bag, and imagine
that he is going to punch the boxing bag with the maximum amount of
power. How much punching power can he generate if he stands
perfectly erect with his feet close together? Very little - because
as he straightens out his right arm in a vigorous punching motion,
his body is not providing him with any stabilising structural
support, and his body is likely to topple forward in the direction
of the punching bag. Now imagine the boxer altering his posture so
that he has his left foot forward and his left knee slightly
flexed, while he leans his upper torso (spine) away from the
punching bag. Then he can hit the punching bag with much more force
- while using the same right arm punching motion. The reason for
the increased punching power is due to the fact that he can lean
forward into his slightly flexed left leg while he keeps his head
back in a stationary position. By keeping the head and left foot
stationary, he is creating a stabilising physical structure within
his body, that supports the right arm punching motion and prevents
the right shoulder socket from moving too far forwards during the
punching action, while at the same time absorbing the Newtonian
counterforces that move in the opposite direction. Now imagine the
equivalent of "reverse pivoting" by imagining the boxer leaning his
upper body towards the punching bag before he executes the punching
action, while keeping his two feet close together. What will happen
during the right arm punching motion is that his upper torso will
be flung reactively backwards away from the punching bag -
due to Newtoniain counterforces - and this movement of his right
shoulder socket away from the punching bag will decrease the force
of the punching blow.
考虑一个简单的类比。想象一个拳击手站在沙包前18-24英寸，想象他要用尽全力击打沙包。如果他站完全直立，双脚并拢，能产生多大的冲击力？非常小的-因为他可以伸直右胳膊有力的出拳，但是他的身体不给他提供任何稳定的支撑结构，和他的身体可能倒向目标的方向。现在想象的拳击手改变他的姿势，他的左脚向前和他的左膝盖稍微弯曲，而他上身（脊柱）向沙包的反方向倾斜。然后使用相同的右手拳的动作，他可以有更多力量打到沙袋上。提高击打力量的原因是基于这样的事实，他可以向前依靠他的轻微弯曲的左腿时，他把他的头在一个固定的位置。保持头和左脚平稳，他的身体内创造一个稳定的物理结构，支持右手臂冲击运动和防止右肩关节臼移动太远，同时吸收了牛顿的反作用力，在相反的方向移动。现在想象一下，“反向旋转”的情形就是想象拳击手靠他的上半身向沙包冲拳，同时保持双脚并拢。右手臂运动过程中发生的情况是，他上身会被动地远离沙袋运动-由于牛顿反作用力，将他的右肩关节远离沙袋的这种运动将减少打击力。
Reverse pivoting can be a major power leak source
in a beginner golfer's swing. Professional golfers can still swing
effectively from a slight revere pivot position, but even they lose
a certain amount of swing power as a result of reverse
反向旋转是初学者主要的力量损失原因。职业球手在轻微反向旋转时能够有效地挥杆，但仍然会损失相当数量的挥杆力道。
Consider an example of an excellent
golfer's swing that was handicapped by reverse pivoting.
Anonymous golfer swing
comparison
In the first two images of the anonymous golfer's
swing, note that he has a slight reverse pivot at the end of his
backswing (image1) and that he loses a significant amount of his
wrist lag in the early downswing (image 2) - presumably due to the
fact that he had to move his upper spine away from the
target before he could pull his hands rapidly downwards. In the
second swing sequence, he has a good backswing hip pivot movement
and he gets his entire spine tilted to the right without any
leaning of the upper spine/head over to the left (image 3), and
this results in a much better downswing movement with an amazing
amount of wrist lag (image 4).
在前面两张无名氏的挥杆中，注意他的上杆结束的轻微反向旋转以及他失去了手腕在下杆早期的延迟释放损失的力量--
大概是由于这样的事实，他不得不在他可以拉住他的手迅速向下之前把他的脊柱上部远离目标。在第二挥杆过程，他有一个好的上杆髋部支点旋转运动和他整个脊柱倾斜向右，没有任何脊柱/头向左（图3），这导致在一个更好的下杆运动有着惊人的手腕延迟释放（图4）。
The Downswing
Consider what happens during the
downswing from a hip pivoting perspective.
Aaron Baddeley - from reference
number [1]
In this composite photo, I have combined an image of
Aaron Baddeley at the end-backswing position and another image of
him at the immediate post-impact position. Consider what hip
movements must have occurred in the downswing phase of his
swing.& At the end of his backswing he is pivoting
over his slightly flexed right leg, and at impact he is pivoting
over a straightened left leg. Therefeore, the following hip
pivoting events must have happened in the downswing - i) he must
have pivoted off his right femoral head&
and ii) he must have slid his entire pelvis to the left so that he
could start pivoting his left hemi-pelvis over his left femoral
head. In other words, he had a right hip pivoting-off action, a
pelvis slide movement and a left hip pivoting-on action.
在这个复合照片里，我把亚伦巴德利在上杆结束和他击球后位置的照片放到一起。考虑一下在他的下杆时必须发生什么髋部动作。在他上杆结束时他在轻微弯曲的右腿转髋，在击球时他在伸直的左腿上转髋。因此，以下髋部旋转事件必须发生在下挥杆时，1）他一定转回了他的右股骨头
2）他必须把整个骨盆左滑让他可以在他的左股骨头上旋转他的左半骨盆。换句话说，他有一个右髋关节的旋转动作，骨盆滑移运动和左髋关节旋转动作。
So what is the best method of
starting this sequence of hip pivoting movements? There are an
amazing number of contrary opinions as to the best method of
starting the downswing's lower body movements. Many golfers think
of initiating the downswing by moving a single body lower part eg.
pushing the right hip around, kicking-in the right knee,
kicking-off the right foot, pulling back on the left hip and
on-and-on. I think that it is major mistake to think of a single
body movement when initiating the downswing, and I think that it is
better to think in 'big' pictures (mental images of the movement of
the entire pelvis in space).&
那么什么是启动这一系列的髋部支点旋转动作的最佳方法？启动下杆的下半身动作的最佳方法的矛盾意见是数量惊人的。许多球手都想通过移动一个单一下部身部件，如推回右髋、右膝前冲、右脚后踢，左髋拉回等等。我认为想依靠一个单一下身部件运动来启动下杆，是一个重大错误，我认为最好是想象一下“大”场面（精神上想象整个骨盆运动的空间运动图像）。
My favorite way of thinking of hip
movements at the start of the downswing is derived from this swing
我最喜欢的髋部运动启动下杆来自于这个挥杆视频
Shawn Clement, the Canadian golf
instructor, starts off by demonstrating how one should perform a
backswing hip pivot movement - by wiping the right buttock against
the glass window in the direction of the target. That's a good
swing thought for a beginner golfer who has difficulty performing a
"correct" backswing hip pivot movement.
肖恩克莱门特，加拿大的高尔夫教练，开始演示如何进行上杆髋部支点旋转运动 -
通过把右臀部向目标方向擦玻璃窗。难以执行的“正确”的击球髋关节旋转运动。对于难以做出正确转髋上杆动作的初学者，这是一个好的挥杆想像。
Note what he states about starting
the downswing's lower body movements. He recommends that one keep
the right buttock back where it was at the end of the backswing (at
the tush line), and he recommends that one should think of pulling
the left buttock back against the glass window and wiping
away from the target (pivoting the left hemi-pelvis back and
to the right, so that it is against the tush line). In other words,
he is recommending that one should focus one's attention on the
left hemi-pelvis, and he recommends that one should think of
pulling the left hip back in a left hip clearing action -
without allowing the right buttocks to move away from the
tush line in the direction of the ball-target line.
注意他所说的启动下杆的下半身运动。他建议保持右髋部在后部，上杆结束时它就在那个位置（在身体后垂线），他建议想像拉左髋回来背对玻璃窗向远离目标的方向擦拭（向后向向右支点旋转左半骨盆，所以它朝向身体后垂线的）。换句话说，他建议人们应该把注意力集中在左半骨盆，他建议应该想着拉左髋回来进行左髋转开动作，不允许右臀部在球目标连线方向作出离开身体后垂线的移动。
Ben Hogan recommended a left hip
clearing action in his book [4].
本侯根在他的书里推荐一种打开髋部的动作。
Ben Hogan's idea of an elastic
strip - from reference number [4]
Ben Hogan stated that one should "imagine, that at
address, one end of an elastic strip is fastened to a wall directly
behind your left hip and that the other end is fastened to the left
hip bone." Then, during the backswing, when the hips rotate 45
degrees to the right, the elastic strip becomes stretched. The
downswing starts when the elastic strip snaps back, rapidly
rotating the hips around to the left. In other words, the
initiating hip movement is a rapid shift-rotation of the left hip
back around to the left (hip squaring action).
本侯根表示，应“想象，在准备站姿，皮筋的一端固定在左边臀部的墙后面，另一端固定在左髋关节骨。”然后上杆，当髋部转动向右45度，皮筋被拉伸。下杆开始于皮筋回拉，迅速拉动髋部向左。换句话说，引发髋关节运动是一种快速移动旋转左髋关节回左（髋回到方正动作）。
However, there is one major point
that is different about Hogan's description/diagram - compared to
Shawn Clement's swing video recommendations. The Hogan diagram
shows the right pelvis rotating well forward across the toe line -
while the left pelvis rotates backwards. It is a mistake to think
that the right hip has to move forward of the toe line when the
left hemi-pelvis is pulled back towards the tush line. It is
possible to pull the left hemi-pelvis back towards the tush
line without moving the right hemi-pelvis forward of the toe
line (although the unitary structural integrity of the pelvis
dictates that the right hemi-pelvis must be moving forward
away from the tush line as the left hemi-pelvis moves
back towards the tush line). If one adopts the wrong
hip-squaring approach - immediately rotating the right hip forward
over the toe line to square the hips - then it pulls the right
buttocks off the tush line and predisposes one to an 'over-the-top'
move as the pelvis, and subsequently the right shoulder, spins
forward. There is an additional problem if a golfer starts the
downswing hip movement with a right hip rotation movement towards
the ball-target line - because if the right hip is brought forward,
then both hips are too far forward over the toes, and the golfer
will become unbalanced with a tendency to fall foward over his toe
line. Beginner golfers must therefore consciously avoid spinning
the right hemi-pelvis forward at the start of the
downswing.
然而，有一点是对霍根的描述/图-不同于肖恩克莱门特的挥杆视频推荐。霍图显示右骨盆向前旋转越过脚趾线-而左骨盆向后转动。这是一个错误的认识，认为在左半骨盆拉回到身体后垂线，右髋关节需要向前移动靠近脚趾线。可以把左半骨盆朝身体后垂线拉动同时保持右半骨盆不向前移动（虽然骨盆的整体结构的完整性决定了在左半骨盆朝身体后垂线前进时右半骨盆必须远离身体后垂线）。如果采用了错误的髋部回复方正的方法-立即转右髋向前越过脚趾线-然后把右臀推离身体后垂线和使人易患一种扣杆的毛病，由于骨盆旋转，随后带动右肩向前
旋转。如果一个球员以右髋关节旋转朝向球和目标连线方向启动下杆髋部运动，会产生附加的问题，因为如果右髋向前运动，然后整个臀部将超出脚趾过远，球手将站不稳，倾向栽向他的脚趾线。初学者必须有意识地避免右半骨盆向前运动启动下杆。
Consider a "real life" sequence of
Ben Hogan's hip movements during the downswing (from a swing
看一下本霍根挥杆次序中髋部在下杆运动时的“真实场景”（来自一段挥杆视频）
Ben Hogan - downswing
I have placed red lines alongside Hogan's hips at
the end-backswing position (image 1). As the downswing progresses,
one can see that he first slides his pelvis to the left, but
there is no evidence that he prematurely rotates his right
hemi-pelvis forward (towards the ball-target line). One can also
note that he is putting more weight on the left foot as the
downswing progresses. Note that his right knee doesn't have to
kick-in to enable him to transfer weight over to his left side,
although he is probably pushing off the inside of his right foot
during this weight transfer action. Note that he doesn't over-slide
the hips to the left, and the outer border of his left hip never
goes left of a point that is vertically in line with the inner
border of his left foot. In other words, he only slides his
pelvis enough to the left so that can put most of his weight over a
straightening left leg. From that point onwards, his left
hemi-pelvis is pivoting around to the left over the left femoral
head as the left leg becomes increasingly straightened.
我用红线标出霍根的髋部完成上杆的位置（图1）。为下杆开始后，人们可以看到，他首先把他的骨盆滑向左边，但没有证据表明他过早地旋转他的右半骨盆向前（向球与目标连线）。你也可以注意到，下杆过程中他把更多的重量移动到左脚上。请注意，他并不需要突进右膝盖使他能够转移重量到他的左边，尽管他可能在这个重心转移过程中他的右脚向内侧推。注意他没有过分滑动臀部到左边，左髋外边界不会超过他的左脚内侧边界线的垂线。换句话说，他只滑动他的骨盆到足够的左边，可以把大多数他的重量放在绷直的左腿上即可。从那时起，他的左半骨盆在左股骨头上做支点旋转，左腿变得越来越直。
This series of swing images enables
a beginner golfer to develop a mental image of the "correct"
sequence of hip movements in the downswing - a progressive
replanting of weight onto the left foot, which occurs secondarily
to the pelvis sliding to the left, followed by a pivoting of the
left hemi-pelvis over a straightening left leg (left hip clearing
action) that causes the left pelvis to rotate back to the tush
line. In other words, a good "downswing initiating" mental image
for a beginner golfer is to think of getting one's weight over
onto the left foot followed by an immediate sensation of actively
pulling the left hemi-pelvis back (away from the ball-target line)
towards the tush line. This mental image should help a beginner
golfer avoid the fault of sliding the hips too far to the left. If
the pelvis slides too far to the left, and the outer border of the
left pelvis gets beyond the outer border of the left foot, then the
lumbar spine, and often the entire lower torso, moves ahead of the
ball by impact.That will usually result in a weak push-slice shot -
because the hands are too far ahead of the ball by impact and there
is no opportunity for the clubface to close by impact, and there is
also no "firm left side" to support the actively moving torso. In
the above photo-sequence, one can appreciate that Hogan is hitting
into a "firm left side" (straightening left leg) and that he is
pivoting around an imaginary axis (between his stationary head and
his left foot) to the left. Note that Hogan keeps his head
stationary throughout the entire downswing, and this helps him
firm-up the entire left side of his lower torso as his body
pivots around (the imaginary axis) to the left.
这一系列的图片使初学者想象下杆的“正确”的髋部运动次序，一种渐进的把重量放到左脚，它发生于骨盆向左边滑去之后，随后转左半骨盆在伸直左腿之上（左髋打开动作），然后使左骨盆转回身体后垂线。换句话说，一个初学者好的“下杆启动”是想一个人的体重到左脚，随后立即感觉积极拉动左半骨盆后（离开球和目标连线）回到身体后垂线。这种精神的想象应该帮助初学者避免滑动的臀部太左的错误。如果骨盆滑动太左，左骨盆外边会超越左脚的外边界，然后腰椎，经常包括整个躯干下部，在触球前过分超越球。这通常会导致在一个弱的右直右曲球--因为触球时手超越球太远，没有机会让杆面在触球时关闭，也没有“坚定的左侧“支撑积极运动的躯干。在上面的照片序列，人们可以欣赏到霍根打进“坚定的左侧”（绷直左腿），他是围绕着一个虚拟的轴线旋转（他的固定头部和左脚之间）。请注意，霍根的头部固定在整个挥杆动作，并帮助他在躯干转向左边（围绕虚轴上）时固定了他的左侧下半身。
Hogan pivot-off the right femoral head? It obviously occurs
in the later stages of the downswing as he puts
progressively more weight on the left foot. At some point, the
right femoral head must become sufficiently unweighted that it is
reasonable to conclude that he can be considered to be pivoting his
pelvis off the right femoral head. A sign of the unweighting
of his right femoral head is the bending of his right knee and the
lifting of his right heel off the ground. These two body part
movements are not active movements, but passive movements
that occur automatically when the right femoral head becomes
unweighted in the later downswing, and the right hemi-pelvis
rotates forwards. That's why a beginner golfer should not
think of actively kicking-in the right knee, and/or
actively pushing the right heel off the ground in the
early downswing.
当霍根转动右侧股骨头？显然，发生在下挥杆的后期，他将越来越多重量转移到左脚。在某些程度上，右股骨头上的重量必须变得足够少，然后才是合理的得出可以从右侧股骨头上转开骨盆的结论。一种右股骨头的减重的迹象是，他的右膝盖折叠和右脚离地提升。这两个身体部位的运动不是主动的运动，而是被动运动，在下杆后期右侧股骨头变得无重量负担后自动发生。而右半骨盆向前旋转。这就是为什么一个初学者不应该想象主动地突进右膝盖，和/或主动地推动右脚在早期离开地面。
Here is another swing video sequence
example demonstrating the same points.
Aaron Baddeley downswing series -
from reference number [1]
I have placed red lines alongside the outside of Aaron Baddeley's
thighs when he is at the end-backswing position (image 1). Note how
Aaron Baddeley squares his hips in the early downswing
(image 2) by pulling the left hip back towards the tush line (away
from the ball-target line) and not by thrusting his right
hip forward (towards the ball-target line). Note how his right
pelvis eventually rotates forward later in the downswing
(image 3) and that causes his right heel to passively lift up, and
his right knee to passively kick inwards, by the time he reaches
the impact position (image 4).
我用红线标记亚伦巴德利上杆结束时的大腿外侧位置（图1）。注意亚伦巴德利下杆时早早就把髋回正（图2），通过拉左髋朝向身体后垂线（离开球和目标连线）而非把他的右髋向前送（朝向球目标连线）。注意在下杆过程中很晚时他的右骨盆最终向前转动（图3），使他右脚踝的被动地抬起，他的右膝盖被动地向内突进，这时他已经触球（图4）。
Note how "quiet" Aaron Baddeley's
legs are throughout the downswing.
注意巴德利的腿在下杆过程中是多么安静。
Brady Riggs recommends "quiet" legs
in this swing video.
To be able to see an excellent swing
video example of a good backswing/downswing hip pivot action - look
at this swing video of Mike Austin's swing (especially the
first four swings in B&W taken when he was still very
young). Note how he rotates his right buttocks in the backswing
pivot action (so that it wipes against an imaginary glass wall in a
targetwise direction) and note how he pulls his left buttocks back
during the downswing pivot action (so that it rubs against an
imaginary glass wall in a direction that is away from the target).
Most importantly, note the fluidity of his hip movements, and the
remarkable synchrony of his upper and lower torso movements. Mike
Austin once drove a ball 515 yards (wind-assisted) in competition
when he was 64 years of age!
Jeff Mann.
June 2007.
References:
1. V1 Home Swing Analyser website.
2. The 7 Laws of the Golf Swing.
Nick Bradley.
3. A Swing for Life. Nick
4. Five Lessons: The Modern
Fundamentals of Golf. Ben Hogan.
5. Perfect Pivot - Part 1: Backswing
Pivot. Brian Manzella.
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