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3fullbridgeRload Three phase converter circuit using thyristor switch matlab 238万源代码下载-
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&[] - Three phase inverter using thyristor power electronic switch
&[] - single phase dual converter circuit
&[] - 三相晶闸管可控整流MATLAB仿真触发参数可以按时间调整
&[] - 文件最前面标有svpwm的表示该文件：三相电源先通过二极管整流，在用IGBT以svpwm方式三相逆变，驱动电机运转。
其他的都是simulink中对一些常用模块的功能进行比较简单的练习
&[] - Three phase AC-DC-AC converter which has the PWM controller technique within that
&[] - 基于直接功率控制的三相交流道直流的整流器控制，该控制器能够保证功率因数
&[] - thyristor basics for students...............AReviewofThree-PhaseImpr；ACCDCConverters；BhimSingh,SeniorMember,I；KamalAl-Haddad,SeniorMem；DwarkaP.Kothari,SeniorMe；Abstract―Three-phaseacCd；I.INTRODUCTION；HREE-PHASEacCdcconversio
AReviewofThree-PhaseImprovedPowerQuality
ACCDCConverters
BhimSingh,SeniorMember,IEEE,BrijN.Singh,Member,IEEE,AmbrishChandra,SeniorMember,IEEE,
KamalAl-Haddad,SeniorMember,IEEE,AshishPandey,Member,IEEE,and
DwarkaP.Kothari,SeniorMember,IEEE
Abstract―Three-phaseacCdcconvertershavebeendevel-opedtoamaturedlevelwithimprovedpowerqualityintermsofpower-factorcorrection,reducedtotalharmonicdistortionatinputacmains,andregulateddcoutputinbuck,boost,buckCboost,mul-tilevel,andmultipulsemodeswithunidirectionalandbidirectionalpowerflow.Thispaperpresentsanexhaustivereviewofthree-phaseimprovedpowerqualityacCdcconverters(IPQCs)configurations,controlstrategies,selectionofcomponents,comparativefactors,re-centtrends,theirsuitability,andselectionforspecificapplications.ItisaimedatpresentingastateoftheartontheIPQCtechnologytoresearchers,designers,andapplicationengineersdealingwiththree-phaseacCdcconverters.Aclassifiedlistofaround450researcharticlesonIPQCsisalsoappendedforaquickreference.IndexTerms―Harmonicreduction,improvedpowerquality,power-factorcorrection,switch-moderectifiers,three-phaseacCdcconverters.
I.INTRODUCTION
HREE-PHASEacCdcconversionofelectricpoweriswidelyemployedinadjustable-speedsdrive(ASDs),uninterruptiblepowersupplies(UPSs),HVdcsystems,andutilityinterfaceswithnonconventionalenergysourcessuchassolarphotovoltaicsystems(PVs),etc.,batteryenergystoragesystems(BESSs),inprocesstechnologysuchaselectroplating,weldingunits,etc.,batterychargingforelectricvehicles,andpowersuppliesfortelecommunicationsystems[1]C[25].Tradi-tionally,acCdcconverters,whicharealsoknownasrectifiers,aredevelopedusingdiodesandthyristorstoprovidecontrolledanduncontrolledunidirectionalandbidirectionaldcpower.Theyhavetheproblemsofpoorpowerqualityintermsofinjectedcurrentharmonics,resultantvoltagedistortionandpoorpowerfactoratinputacmainsandslowlyvaryingrippleddcoutputatloadend,lowefficiency,andlargesizeofacanddcfilters.Inviewoftheirincreasedapplications,anewbreedofrectifiershasbeendevelopedusingnewsolid-stateself-commutatingdevicessuchasMOSFETs,insulatedgatebipolartransistors(IGBTs),
ManuscriptreceivedJuly15,2002;revisedJune23,2003.AbstractpublishedontheInternetJanuary14,2004.ThisworkwassupportedbytheNaturalSci-encesandEngineeringResearchCouncilofCanada.
B.SinghiswiththeDepartmentofElectricalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,NewDelhi110016,India.
B.N.SinghiswiththeDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,TulaneUniversity,NewOrleans,LA70118USA.
A.ChandraandK.Al-HaddadarewiththeDépartementdeGénieélectrique,écoledeTechnologieSupérieure,UniversitéduQuébec,Montréal,QCH3C1K3,Canada(e-mail:chandra@ele.etsmtl.ca).
A.PandeyandD.P.KothariarewiththeCentreforEnergyStudies,IndianInstituteofTechnology,NewDelhi110016,India.DigitalObjectIdentifier10.1109/TIE.
gate-turn-offthyristors(GTOs),etc.Suchconvertersaregener-allyclassifiedasswitch-moderectifiers(SMRs),power-factorcorrectors(PFCs),pulsewidth-modulation(PWM)rectifiers,multilevelrectifiers,multipulserectifiers,etc.Becauseofthestrictrequirementofpowerqualityattheinputacmains,severalstandards[1]C[3]havebeendevelopedandenforcedontheconsumers.Becauseoftheseverityofpowerqualityproblemssomeotheroptionssuchaspassivefilters,activefilters(AFs),andhybridfilters[4],[7]C[9]alongwithconventionalrectifiershavebeenextensivelydeveloped,especiallyinlargeratingandalreadyexistinginstallations.However,thesefiltersarequitecostly,bulky,andhavereasonablelosses,whichreduceoverallefficiencyofthecompletesystem.Eveninsomecasestheratingofconverterusedinactivefiltersisalmostclosetotheratingoftheload.Undersuchcircumstances,itisconsideredbetteroptiontousesuchconvertersasaninherentpartofthesystemofAC-DCconversion,whichprovidesreducedsize,highefficiency,andwellcontrolledandregulatedDCtoprovidecomfortableandflexibleoperationofthesystem.Moreover,thesenewtypesofAC-DCconvertersarebeingincludedinthenewtextbooksandseveralcomparativetopologiesarereportedinrecentpublications[10]C[17].Therefore,itisconsideredatimelyattempttopresentabroadperspectiveonthestatusofacCdcconverterstechnologyfortheengineersusingthemanddealingwithpowerqualityissues.
Thispaperpresentsacomprehensivesurveyonthree-phaseacCdcconverters.Morethan450publications[1]C[477]arere-viewedandclassifiedintothreemajorcategories.Someofthemarefurtherclassifiedintoseveralsubcategories.Thefirstone[1]C[25]isgeneralonpowerqualitystandards,otheroptions,texts,andsomesurveysandcomparativetopologypublica-tions.ThesecondandthirdcategoriesareonunidirectionalandbidirectionalpowerflowacCdcconverters[26]C[477].Theseconvertersarefurthersubclassifiedasboost[26]C[245],buck[246]C[347],buckCboost[348]C[383],multilevel[384]C[430],andmultipulseacCdcconverters[431]C[477].Thetotalnumberofconfigurationsoftheseconvertersisdividedintotencate-gories.Thepaperisdividedintonineparts.Startingwiththeintroduction(SectionI),othersectionscoverthestateoftheartofIPQCtechnology(SectionII),configurations(SectionIII),controlstrategies(SectionIV),componentsselectionforIPQCs(SectionV),comparativefactorsandothersoptionsforpowerqualityimprovement(SectionVI),selectionconsiderationsofIPQCsforspecificapplicationsbythedesigners(SectionVII),latesttrendsandfuturedevelopmentsinIPQCtechnology(SectionVIII),andaconclusion(SectionIX).
$20.00?2004IEEE
Fig.1.Converter-basedclassificationofimprovedpowerqualityconverters.
II.STATEOFTHEART
IPQCtechnologyismaturedatareasonablelevelforacCdcconversionwithreducedharmoniccurrents,highpowerfactor,lowelectromagneticinterference(EMI)andradiofrequencyin-terference(RFI)atinputacmainsandwell-regulatedandgoodqualitydcoutputtofeedloadsrangingfromfractionofkilowatttomegawattpowerratingsinalargenumberofapplications.Theseweredevelopedinthelastcoupleofdecadeswithvaryingconfigurations,controlstrategies,solid-statedevices,circuitin-tegration,varyingmagneticsintopologiessuchasboost,buck,buckCboost,andmultilevelforunidirectionalandbidirectionalpowerflow.AlargenumberofIPQCconfigurationshavebeenevolvedtosuitvastlyvaryingapplicationswhilemaintainingahighlevelofqualityatinputacsourceandoutputdcloads.Insomeapplications,aconstant-regulatedoutputdcvoltageisrequiredwithunidirectionalpowerflowsuchasinUPSs,ASDsinfans,airconditioners,etc.,whileinsomeotherapplications,abidirectionalpowerflowisrequired.Therefore,theseIPQCsarecategorizedintounidirectionalboostcon-verters[26]C[86]andbidirectionalboostconverters[87]C[245].Moreover,thereareanumberofapplicationswhichrequirewidelyvaryingdcvoltage,normallyfedfromaconventionalsemiconverterorfullycontrolledthyristorconverterwithunidirectionalorbidirectionalpowerflow.Toreplacetheconventionalthyristor-basedsemiandfullconverters,abreedofimprovedpowerqualityconvertershasbeendevelopedandclassifiedasunidirectionalbuck[246]C[263]andbidirectionalbuckconverters[264]C[347]usingPWMswitchingwithself-commutatingsolid-statedevices.Moreover,therearesometypicalapplicationswhichrequirebuckandboostoperationsinthesameconverter,therefore,anadditionalclassificationofbuckCboostconvertersismadewithunidirectional[348]C[373]andbidirectionalpowerflow[374]C[383].However,forhigh-voltageandhigh-powerapplications,theconceptofmultilevelconvertersisdevelopedwhichmayavoidalow-fre-quencytransformerandreducestheswitchingfrequencyofthedevices[384]C[430].Therefore,thenextcategoryofIPQCisconsideredasmultilevelconverterswithunidirectional[384]C[400]andbidirectionalpowerflow[401]C[430].
Inhigh-powerapplications,acCdcconvertersbasedontheconceptofmultipulse,namely,12,18,24,30,36,48pulsesareusedtoreducetheharmonicsinacsupplycurrents.Thesearenamedasmultipulseconverters[431]C[477].Theyuseei-theradiodebridgeorthyristorbridgeandaspecialarrange-mentofmagneticsthroughtransformersandtappedinductors.Therefore,thelastcategoryismultipulseconverterswithunidi-rectional[431]C[455]andbidirectionalpowerflow[456]C[477].
Oneoftheimportantreasonsforsuchanextensivedevelop-mentinacCdcconvertersisduetoself-commutatingdevices.Atlowpowerrating,MOSFETsareusedwithunsurpassedper-formancebecauseoftheirhighswitchingratewithnegligiblelosses.Atmediumpowerrating,anIGBTisconsideredanidealdeviceforsuchconverterswithPWMtechnology.Atahigherpowerrating,aGTOisnormallyusedwithself-commutatingandreversevoltage-blockingcapabilitiesatonlyafewkilo-hertzswitchingfrequency.Anumberofmanufacturersarede-velopinganintelligentpowermodule(IPM)withseveralde-vicestogiveacosteffectivenessandcompactsizetotheIPQCs.AnotherbreakthroughinIPQCshasbeenbecauseoffastre-sponseHall-effectvoltageandcurrentsensors,andisolationam-plifiersnormallyrequiredforthefeedbackusedinthecontroloftheseacCdcconvertersresultinahighlevelofdynamicandsteady-stateperformance.Manymanufacturers,suchasABB,LEM,HEME,AnalogDevices,andothersareofferingthesen-sorsatcompetitivelylowprices.
AmajorboosttothetechnologyofIPQCshasalsobeenduetotherevolutioninmicroelectronics.Becauseoftheheavyvolumerequirement,anumberofmanufacturershavedevelopeddedicatedICsforcost-effectiveandcompactcontroloftheseconverters.Moreover,high-speedmicrocontrollersanddigitalsignalprocessors(DSPs)areavailableatreasonablecost.ManyprocessorshavebeendevelopedtogivedirectPWMoutputswithfastsoftwarealgorithmssuchasspace-vectorcontrol(SVC)[36],[39],[47],[66],[103],[129],[152],[168],[215],[369],[417],normallyusedinsomeoftheseconverters,whichreducehardwaredrastically.WiththeseprocessorsitisnowpossibletoimplementnewandimprovedcontrolalgorithmstoprovidefastdynamicperformanceofIPQCs.StartingwithproportionalCintegral(PI)controllers,sliding-mode,fuzzylogic,andneural-network-basedcontrollershavebeenemployedforthecontroloftheseconverters.Moreover,anumberofinstrumentsareavailabletomeasuretheperformanceoftheseIPQCs,whicharenamedaspoweranalyzers,powerscopes,powermonitors,andspec-trumanalyzers.Theyprovidedirectharmonicspectrum,totalharmonicdistortion(THD)evenupto51storderofharmonics,powerfactor,crestfactor,displacementfactor,kVA,kVAr,kWandkWh,ripples,surge,swell,notchwidth,andheight.
III.CONFIGURATIONSOFIPQCS
IPQCsareclassifiedintotencategoriesonthebasisofcon-vertercircuittopologiessuchasbuck,boost,buckCboost,mul-tilevel,andmultipulse,withunidirectionalandbidirectionaldcouputvoltage,current,andpowerflow.Fig.1showsthetreeof
SINGHetal.:REVIEWOFIPQCs
Fig.2.(a)Single-switchunidirectionalboostconverter.(b)Two-switchunidirectionalboostconverterusingzigzaginjectiontransformer(Minnesotarectifier).(c)Three-switchunidirectionalboostconverter(Viennarectifier).(d)UnidirectionalboostconverterusingisolatedScottconnectiontransformers.
suchclassificationofIPQCs.Theseconvertersaredevelopedinsuchvastlyvaryingconfigurationsastofulfilltheverycloseandexactrequirementinavarietyofapplications.Figs.2C11showbasiccircuitconfigurationsofthree-phaseIPQCsofalltencat-egoriesforacCdcconversion.
A.UnidirectionalBoostConverters[26]C[86]
Thesetypesofconvertersarewidelyusednowadaysasareplacementofaconventionaldioderectifiertoprovideunitypowerfactor,reducedTHDatacmains,andconstant-regu-lateddcoutputvoltageevenunderfluctuationsofacvoltageanddcload.Fig.2showsthefewcircuitsofthiscategoryofconverters.Thereiswidevarietyofconfigurationswithsingle-switch,two-switch,three-switch,etc.,toimprovetheirperformancetowardidealpowerqualityconditionsatacinputmainsanddcoutput.Single-switchwithpassivefilter[Fig.2(a)][26]C[28],Minnesotarectifier[Fig.2(b)]usingharmoniccurrentinjectionthroughazigzagtransformer[27],[29],Viennarectifier[Fig.2(c)][41],[72],[78],[84],[86],andisolatedScott-connectedtransformerwithdual-boostPFC[Fig.2(d)][25]areafewpioneerconfigurationsofthese
Fig.3.(a)Four-switchbidirectionalboostconverter.(b)VSI-bridge-basedbidirectionalboostconverter.(c)Four-wirebidirectionalboostconverter.(d)Four-leggedbidirectionalboostconverter.
ofconverters.However,largenumbersofcircuitsofthesecon-vertersarereportedusingacombinationofsingle-phaseboostconverters[34]andothermodifiedtopologiesandextensivelyusedinpowersuppliesandmotorspeedcontrol.B.BidirectionalBoostConverters[87]C[245]
Forthebidirectionalpowerflowfromacmainstodcoutputandviceversa,anidealconverterisnormallyusedinhoisst,cranes,lifts,BESSs,lineinteractiveUPSs,etc.[89],[90],[92],[93].Fig.3showsthefewcircuitdiagramsofthesebidirectionalconverters.Theclosed-loopcontrolofdc-busvoltagedecidestheamplitudeofsupplycurrents,whichareinphasewithacmainsvoltages.PWMcurrentcontrolofthevoltage-source-in-verter(VSI)-basedconvertermaintainstheacsupplycurrentclosetosinusoidalandinphasewithacmainsvoltages.
Theseconvertersaredevelopedusingfourswitchestoreducethecost[Fig.3(a)]forvariable-speedinductionmotordrives[151].Ideally,asix-deviceVSIbridgeisusedinthemajorityofcases[Fig.3(b)][92].However,four-wiretopologies[Fig.3(c)and(d)][206],[235]areemployedtoreducethedc-linkvoltagerippleandbalancingthesupplycurrents,eveninthecaseofun-balancesupplyvoltages.Therehavebeenmanypioneerdevel-opmentsintheseconverters,suchassensorlesscontroltoreducecostandnumberofcomponentsinthehardware[119],[120],[163],[188],[211],[213],[228],[230],[233],[234],[245].
644IEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS,VOL.51,NO.3,JUNE
Fig.4.(a)Single-switchunidirectionalbuckconverter.(b)Two-switchunidirectionalbuckconverter.(c)Three-switchunidirectionalbuckconverter.(d)Three-phaseCSI-basedunidirectionalbuckconverter.
C.UnidirectionalBuckConverters[246]C[263]
Thisisareplacementofthethyristorsemiconverterwithimprovedpowerqualityatacmainsandoutputdcbus.Itpro-videsthevoltagebelowthebasevoltage.Fig.4showsthecircuitsoftheseconverters.Therequirementofthefilterisnormallyhighinthiscase.Severaltopologies,namely,usingsingledevice[Fig.4(a)][247],twodevices[Fig.4(b)][251]withharmonicinjectiontransformers,threedeviceswithdualdiode[Fig.4(c)][249],[259],[263],andsixdeviceswithfree-wheelingdiode[Fig.4(d)][258]arereportedintheliteraturetoimprovethepowerfactorandreducetheharmoniccurrentsatinputacmainsandwellregulatedfilteredoutputdcvoltage.High-frequencyPWMcontrolofswitchingdevicesreducesthesizeofinputandoutputfilters,weight,andenhancestheeffi-ciencyoftheoverallsystem.Theseconvertersareextensivelyusedinbatterycharginginautomotiveapplications[252],anddcmotorspeedcontrolinanumberofapplications.Intheseconverters,theinrushcurrentsareobservedtobeoflowvalue.Itisbecausethecontrolleddevice(IGBT)isconnectedinse-riespathofthecurrentflow.Theseconvertersarecapableofgivingtheoutputdcvoltagefromzerotonominalvaluesatquiteafast
Fig.5.(a)GTO-basedbidirectionalbuckconverter.(b)IGBT-basedbidirectionalbuckconverter.(c)Four-polebidirectionalbuckconverter.
D.BidirectionalBuckConverters[264]C[347]
Fig.5showsthecircuitsofsuchconverters.Itprovidesasimilarfunctionasaconventionalthyristorbridgeconverterbutwithimprovedpowerqualityintermsofhighpowerfactorandreducedharmoniccurrentsatacmainsandfastregulatedbidirectionaloutputvoltageforreversiblepowerflow.ThesearedevelopedusingGTOsathigherpowerratingsasshowninFig.5(a)[271],[274]andusingIGBTswithseriesdiodes[Fig.5(b)][310]atlowpowerratingswithhighswitchingfrequency,resultinginreducedsizeoffiltercomponents.Thefour-legconfiguration,asshowninFig.5(c)[314],isimple-mentedtoreducetheoutputdcrippleandbalancedcurrentsunderunbalancevoltageofthemains.IGBTs,bipolarjunctiontransistors(BJTs),andMOSFETsneedseriesdiodestoprovidereversevoltageblockingcapabilityrequiredinthisconverter.Thesetwobridgesconnectedinantiparallelprovidebehaviorsimilartoadualconverterforfour-quadrantoperationwithimprovedpowerqualityandfastresponse[278].E.UnidirectionalBuckCBoostConverters[348]C[373]Fig.6showssomecircuitsoftheseconverters.Theseareusedinawidevarietyofapplications.Theymayhaveeitherisolatedornonisolateddcoutputfrominputacmains.ItconsistsofacombinationofbuckandboostconvertersasshowninFig.6(a)[259].Theseconvertersarealsorealizedasacombinationofthree-phasediodebridgewithfilterandbuckCboostdcCdccon-verterssuchasSEPIC[Fig.6(b)][364],flyback[368],[371],Cuk[360],etc.Fortheisolateddcoutputwithahigh-frequencytransformertoreducethesize,adioderectifierinconjunctionwithflyback[Fig.6(c)][366],isolatedCuk[Fig.6(d)][360],
SINGHetal.:REVIEWOFIPQCs
Fig.6.(a)Four-switchunidirectionalbuckCboostconverter.(b)SEPIC-derivedunidirectionalbuckCboostconverter.(c)Flyback-derivedunidirectionalbuckCboostconverter.(d)IsolatedCuk-derivedunidirectionalbuckCboostconverter.
andmanyothers,suchasZeta[373],SEPIC[364],bridge,half-bridge,andpushCpullareusedwithafirststagePFC.Nowa-days,two-stageconversionisintegratedtogetherandeveninsinglestageitispossibletoachievethesamelevelofperfor-mance,asshowninFig.6(c)and(d)[366],[368]usingsingleswitch.Therearesuchnovelconfigurationstoprovidecompact,integrated,high-power-density,high-efficiencypowersuppliesforuseinanumberofapplicationssuchastelecommunicationpowersupplies,batterychargerunits,etc.
F.BidirectionalBuckCBoostConverters[374]C[383]Therearesomeapplicationswhichrequireoutputdcvoltagewidelyvaryingfromlowvoltagetohighvoltagewithbidirec-tionaldccurrentasfour-quadrantoperationandbidirectionalpowerflow.Theseconverterscanbeimplementedinmanyways,suchascascadingthebuckandboostconverters,butthesimplestwayofrealizingthemisbyusingamatrixconverterasshowninFig.7[382].Withthehigh-frequency
switching,
Fig.7.Matrix-converter-basedbidirectionalbuckCboostconverter.
thesizeoftheinputacfilterandoutputdcfilterisreducedwhichallowsthefastresponseofthisconverter.ItiscapableofworkingasbidirectionalbuckandbidirectionalboostconvertersandisanidealsolutionforacCdcconversion.ItisderivedfrommatrixconvertersnormallyusedforacCacconversionforawidefrequencyrangeatinputaswellatoutput.ItcanalsoberealizedusingGTOsforhighpowerratingbutwithrestrictedswitchingfrequency.Sinceit(GTO)doesnotneedanadditionalseriesdiode,itsoffershighefficiency.G.UnidirectionalMultilevelConverters[384]C[400]Fig.8showssomeofthebasiccircuitsoftheseconverters.Theconceptofmultilevelisusedtoreducetheharmonicsandswitchinglossesintheconverterthroughoperatingtheswitchingdevicesatlowswitchingfrequency.Three-levelthree-phaseconverterscanbeimplementedusingeitherthreedevices[Fig.8(a)][398]orsixdevices[Fig.8(b)][400].However,higherlevelconverterssuchasafivelevelshowninFig.8(c)[400]requireahighernumberofdevicesbutcanavoidPWMswitchinglosseswhilemaintainingthesamelevelofperformanceintermsofpowerqualityatinputacmainsandregulateddcoutput.Theseconvertersalsoofferboostoperationfortheoutputvoltagewithunidirectionalpowerflow.IthaslowervoltagestressesonthedevicesandavoidsPWMswitchingofthemand,therefore,itisanidealconverterforhigh-voltageandhigh-powerapplications.TheseconverterscanbedevelopedforahighnumberoflevelstoofferreducedTHDandimprovedpowerfactorofsupplycurrentatinputacmainsandreducedrippleandregulateddcoutputvoltageundervaryingloadconditions.
H.BidirectionalMultilevelConverters[401]C[430]
Fig.9showssomecircuitdiagramsofbidirectionalmul-tilevelconverters.Theseareusedathighpowerratingsathighvoltageswithboostvoltageforbidirectionalpowerflow.Thesearefurtherclassifiedasclampeddiodetype[Fig.9(a)][400]and(b)[401]forthreeandfivelevel),flyingcapacitortype[Fig.9(c)][404],andcascadedtypemultilevelcon-verters.Theseconvertersarerecommendedforhigh-powerandbidirectionalpowerflowapplicationssuchasbatteryenergystoragesystems[401],four-quadrantvariable-speedacmotordrives[411],[414],HVdctransmissions,flexiblealternatingcurrenttransmissionsystems(FACTs)[428],andstaticvarcompensation,toofferhighefficiencyandlowTHDofvoltageandcurrentsintheabsenceofPWMswitching.Forlow-andmedium-powerapplications,theIGBTisanidealdevice,
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